Chapter 3

Question 1

Pavlov identified two kinds of reflexes, ______ and ______ reflexes.

Answer 1

conditional // unconditional

Question 2

Unconditional reflex is an _____ and _______ reflex found in members of a species.

Answer 2

inborn // permanent

Question 3

Conditional reflex is acquired through ______, relatively _______, dependent on ______.

Answer 3

experience // impermanent // conditions

Question 4

__________ is the procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with conditioned stimulus to create a second or subsequent conditioned stimulus.

Answer 4

Pavlovian/Classical conditioning

Question 5

Pavlovian conditioning usually involves ______ behavior.

Answer 5

reflexive

Question 6

In Pavlovian conditioning, the appearance of the US is normally ______ on the appearance of the CS.

Answer 6

contingent

Question 7

Generally speaking, the shorter the CS-US interval, the _____ the rate of learning. The shorter the intertrial interval, the _____ the rate of learning.

Answer 7

faster // slower

Question 8

Presenting CS alone without the US to see if the same response occurs is called _________.

Answer 8

test trails

Question 9

The tendency of a NS to elicit a CR after a US has elicited a reflex response is called __________.

Answer 9

pseudo-conditioning

Question 10

Trace conditioning

Answer 10

CS begins and ends before the US appears creating a gap between the stimuli.

Question 11

Delay conditioning

Answer 11

CS and US overlap, US appears before the CS disappears.

The CS ends only after the US begins.

Question 12

Simultaneous conditioning

Answer 12

CS and US coincide exactly.

Question 13

Backward conditioning

Answer 13

CS follows the US

Question 14

The least effective form of conditioning is probably the _______ _______.

Answer 14

backward procedure

Question 15

_____ is an “if-then statement”: if x is contingent on y, then x will occur to the extent that y occurs. Pavlovian procedures vary with contingency between ___ and ___.

Answer 15

Contingency // CS // US

Question 16

______ is the closeness in time or space between two events.

Answer 16

Contiguity

Question 17

_______ ______ is the interval between the termination of CS and the onset of the US.

Answer 17

Interstimulus interval (ISI)

Question 18

Pairing a distinctive taste with a substance that induces nausea, is called _________.

Answer 18

taste aversion

Question 19

__________ is two or more stimuli presented simultaneously, often as a CS.

Answer 19

Compound stimulus

Question 20

________ is the effect of one stimulus was found very commonly to overshadow the effect of the others almost completely (when using compound stimuli).

Answer 20

Overshadowing

Question 21

If one part of a compound stimulus fails to become a CS, ______ has occurred.

Answer 21

overshadowing

Question 22

________ is the appearance of a stimulus without the US interferes with ability of that stimulus to become a CS later.

Answer 22

Latent inhibition

Question 23

Latent inhibition is the result of the ___ having appeared alone before ______ _____.

Answer 23

CS // conditioning trials

Question 24

Intertrial interval is the ___ between successive trials.

Interval between the pairings of ___ and ___.

Answer 24

gap // CS // US

Question 25

______ is the procedure of repeatedly presenting the CS alone to become weaker and weaker.

Answer 25

Extinction

Question 26

______ ______ is when a CR reappears after having initially vanished.

Answer 26

Spontaneous recovery

Question 27

Stimulus substitution theory

Answer 27

the theory that the CS substitutes for the US and assumes the CR is the same as the UR.

Question 28

Preparatory response theory

Answer 28

the theory that proposes the CR prepares the organism for the appearance of the US.

Question 29

Compensatory response theory

Answer 29

the CR prepares the organism for the US by compensating for its effects.

Question 30

In _________, a neutral stimulus is paired with a well-established conditioned stimulus.

Answer 30

higher order conditioning

Question 31

The experiments of Staats and Staats with nonsense syllables are examples of ___________.

Answer 31

higher-order conditioning

Question 32

Once a conditioned stimulus is learned it can prevent the acquisition of a new conditioned stimulus, this I called ______-

Answer 32

blocking

Question 33

______ thought Pavlov was one of the greatest geniuses who ever lived.

Answer 33

H. G. Wells

Question 34

Braun and Geiselhart found that older subjects acquired conditional responses ___ _____ than younger subjects.

Answer 34

less rapidly

Question 35

The Rescorla-Wagner theory of conditioning

Answer 35

Assumes that there is a limit to the amount of conditioning that can occur in the pairing of two stimuli.

Question 36

The ______-_____ _____ recognizes that the greatest amount of learning occurs in the first/earliest pairings of CS and US.

Answer 36

Rescorla-Wagner model