chapter 3

Question 1

an instrument for viewing small objects

Answer 1

microscope

Question 2

the smallest unit of life. Cells are the building blocks of living things. There are many different sized and shaped cells in animals and plants, as well as single-celled organisms.

Answer 2

cells

Question 3

instrument for viewing very small objects. A light microscope can magnify things up to 1500 times.

Answer 3

light microscopes

Question 4

instrument for viewing very small objects. An electron microscope is much more powerful than a light microscope and can magnify things up to a million times.

Answer 4

electron microscopes

Question 5

describes a microscope through which the specimen is seen using one eye only

Answer 5

monocular

Question 6

a microscope with two eyepieces, so you use both eyes to look at the object

Answer 6

binocular

Question 7

describes a microscope through which the specimen is viewed using both eyes

Answer 7

stereo

Question 8

the number of times the image of an object has been enlarged using a lens or lens system. For example, a magnification of two means the object has been enlarged to twice its actual size.

Answer 8

magnification

Question 9

describes an organism having only one cell

Answer 9

unicellular

Question 10

having many cells. Most plants and animals are multicellular

Answer 10

multicelluar

Question 11

a length of one millionth of a metre

Answer 11

micrometre

Question 12

a rapidly developing field that includes studying and investigating cells and other objects of the smallest dimensions

Answer 12

nanotechnology

Question 13

organism classified as belonging to the Prokaryotae kingdom

Answer 13

Prokaryotes

Question 14

member of the group of organisms that has a membrane around the nucleus in each of their cells

Answer 14

eukaryote

Question 15

structure that encloses the contents of a cell and allows the movement of some materials in and out

Answer 15

cell membrane

Question 16

the fluid found inside cells

Answer 16

cytosol

Question 17

small structures within a cell in which proteins such as enzymes are made

Answer 17

ribosomes

Question 18

the jelly-like material inside a cell. It contains many organelles such as the nucleus and vacuoles.

Answer 18

cytoplasm

Question 19

the chemical reactions occurring within an organism that enable the organism to use energy and grow and repair cells

Answer 19

metabolism

Question 20

reproduction by the division of an organism (usually a single cell) into two new organisms

Answer 20

binary fission

Question 21

the kingdom of organisms that have cells with a membrane around the nucleus, but no cell wall, large vacuole or chloroplasts

Answer 21

Animalia

Question 22

the kingdom of organisms that have cells with a membrane around the nucleus, cell wall, large vacuole and chloroplasts, commonly called plants

Answer 22

plantae

Question 23

the kingdom of organisms, such as mushrooms and moulds, that help to decompose dead or decaying matter

Answer 23

fungi

Question 24

the kingdom of organisms, including algae and protozoans, that do not fit into other groups

Answer 24

Protoctista

Question 25

the kingdom of organisms that consist of single cells with a nucleus not surrounded by a membrane or a cell wall, commonly called bacteria

Answer 25

Prokaryotae

Question 26

small rod-shaped organelles that supply energy to other parts of the cell. They are usually too small to be seen with light microscopes. Singular = mitochondrion.

Answer 26

mitochondria

Question 27

oval-shaped organelle found only in plant cells. Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll. They are the ‘factories’ in which carbon dioxide and water are changed by sunlight and water into food by the process of photosynthesis.

Answer 27

chloroplasts

Question 28

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

Answer 28

cellular respiration

Question 29

the food-making process in plants that takes place in chloroplasts within cells. The process uses carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun.

Answer 29

photosynthesis

Question 30

the green-coloured chemical in plants that absorbs the light energy used in photosynthesis to make food from carbon dioxide and water

Answer 30

chlorophyll

Question 31

central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons. Also roundish structure inside a cell that acts as the control centre for the cell. Plural = nuclei.

Answer 31

nucleus

Question 32

tiny, thread-like structure inside the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes contain the DNA that carries genetic information.

Answer 32

chromosomes:

Question 33

the chemical substance found in all living things that encodes the genetic information of an organism

Answer 33

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 34

cell division process that results in new cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell

Answer 34

mitosis

Question 35

identical copy

Answer 35

clones

Question 36

the process where the cytoplasm of a cell divides to form two daughter cells

Answer 36

cytokinesis

Question 37

disease that can be transferred from one organism to another

Answer 37

infectious diseases

Question 38

disease that cannot be transferred from one organism to another

Answer 38

non-infectious diseases

Question 39

substance derived from a micro-organism and used to kill bacteria in the body

Answer 39

antibiotics

Question 40

chemical used to kill bacteria on surfaces and non-living objects

Answer 40

disinfectants

Question 41

mild disinfectant used on body tissue to kill microbes

Answer 41

antiseptics

Question 42

describes an antiseptic that kills bacteria

Answer 42

bactericidal

Question 43

describes an antiseptic that stops bacteria from growing or dividing but doesn't kill them

Answer 43

bacteriostatic

Question 44

type of tissue that transports sugars made in the leaves to other parts of a plant

Answer 44

phloem

Question 45

transport of materials, such as water and glucose, in plants

Answer 45

translocation

Question 46

pipelines for the flow of water up plants. They are made up of the remains of dead xylem cells fitted end to end with the joining walls broken down. Lignin in the cell walls gives them strength.

Answer 46

xylem vessels

Question 47

small openings mainly on the lower surface of leaves. These pores are opened and closed by guard cells. Singular = stoma.

Answer 47

stomata

Question 48

movement of water through a plant as a result of loss of water from the leaves

Answer 48

transpiration stream

Question 49

groups of xylem and phloem vessels within plant stems

Answer 49

vascular bundles

Question 50

loss of water from plant leaves through their stomata

Answer 50

transpiration

Question 51

cells on either side of a stoma that work together to control the opening and closing of the stoma

Answer 51

guard cells

Question 52

droop. Plant stems and leaves wilt when there is insufficient water in their cells.

Answer 52

wilt

Question 53

sacs within a cell used to store food and wastes. Plant cells usually have one large vacuole. Animal cells have several small vacuoles or none at all.

Answer 53

vacuoles

Question 54

describes cells that are not firm due to loss of water

Answer 54

flaccid

Question 55

describes something that is firm

Answer 55

turgid

Question 56

outermost layer of the skin

Answer 56

epidermis

Question 57

the medical name for the deeper part of the skin

Answer 57

dermis

Question 58

special cells that detect energy and convert it to electrical energy that is sent to the brain

Answer 58

receptors

Question 59

tiny, coiled tube in the skin through which water and salt are removed from the body, helping to control body temperature

Answer 59

sweat glands

Question 60

small opening in the skin. Perspiration reaches the surface of the skin through pores.

Answer 60

pores

Question 61

change state from a liquid to a gas. Evaporation occurs only from the surface of a liquid.

Answer 61

evaporates

Question 62

a disease resulting in the uncontrolled growth of body cells, forming tumours

Answer 62

cancer

Question 63

describes a tumour that does not spread to other parts of the body

Answer 63

benign

Question 64

describes a type of tumour that damages cells and can spread to other parts of the body

Answer 64

malignant