Chapter 3 - Acute and Chonic Inflammation; Tissue Repair

Question 1

Response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage

Answer 1

Inflammation

Question 2

Mediators of defense

Answer 2

Phagocytic leokocytes, antibodies, and complement proteins

Question 3

Inflammatory reaction steps

Answer 3

1. Offending agent recognized by host cells
2. Leukocytes and plasma proteins are recruited to the site of the offending agent
3. Eliminate the offending agent
4. Reaction controlled and terminated
5. Repair

Question 4

Main characteristics of acute inflammation

Answer 4

Edema

Emigration of leukocytes predominantly neutrophils

Question 5

Cells that detect presence of infection

Answer 5

Macrophage
Dendritic cells
Mast cells

Question 6

T/F: Inflammatory mediators are also produced by plasma proteins

Answer 6

True

Question 7

External manifestations or cardnal signs of inflammation

Answer 7

Swelling (tumor)
Pain (dolor)
Heat (calor)
Redness (rubor)
Loss of function (functio laesa)

Question 8

Father of modern pathology

Answer 8

Rudolf Virchow

also discovered functio laesa

Question 9

Causes of Inflammation

Answer 9

Infections
Tissue necrosis
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions

Question 10

Toll like receptor

Answer 10

Located in plasma membrane and endosomes
Detect microbes
Recognize motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)

Question 11

Receptors that recognize molecules which are liberated or altered as a consequence of cell damage or DAMP

Answer 11

Cytosolic receptors

Question 12

Cytosolic receptors activate a complex called

Answer 12

Inflammasome

Question 13

Inflammasome induces production of

Answer 13

Cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Question 14

What is IL-1

Answer 14

Activated by inflammasomes

Induces inflammation by recruiting leukocytes

Question 15

Circulating protein that recognized microbial sugars, promotes ingestion of microbes and activates complement system

Answer 15

Mannose-binding lectin

Question 16

Circulating proteins that bind to microbes and promote phagocytosis

Answer 16

Collectins among others

Question 17

Three major components of inflammation

Answer 17

Dilation of small vessels: increased blood flow
Increase permeability of microvasculature
Emigration of the leukocytes

Question 18

Vascular reactions of acute inflammation

Answer 18

Changes in blood flow

Permeability of vessels

Question 19

Escape of fluid, protein, and blood cells from the vascular system to the interstitial tissues

Answer 19

Exudation

Question 20

Extravascular fluid that has high protein concentration and contains cellular debris

Answer 20

Exudate

Question 21

Fluid with low protein content, little or no cellular material, low specific gravity

Answer 21

Transudate

Question 22

What does an exudate indicates?

Answer 22

Increase in permeability of small blood vessels

Question 23

What does a transudate indicate?

Answer 23

Ultrafiltrate of blood plasma

Result of osmotic or hydrostatic imbalance across vessels with normal permeability

Question 24

Denotes excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue

Answer 24

Edema

Question 25

Exudate rich in leukocytes, debris of dead cells, and microbe

Answer 25

Pus

Question 26

TF: Vasodilation may be preceded by vasoconstriction

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Vasodilation involves what blood vessels

Answer 27

Arterioles the opening of capillary beds

Question 28

Vasodilation is followed by

Answer 28

Increased permeability of the microvasculature and outpouring of exudate

Question 29

Acute Inflammation: Loss of fluid and increased vessel diameter lead to

Answer 29

Slower blood flow Conentration of red cells in small vessels Increased viscosity Which then results to: Stasis of blood Vascular congestion Erythema

Question 30

AI: Mechanisms responsible for increased vascular permeability

Answer 30

Retraction of endothelial cells Endothelial injury Transocytosis

Question 31

AI: Retraction of endothelial cells after exposure occur within how many minutes

Answer 31

15 - 30mins

Question 32

AI: referred to as the immediate transient response

Answer 32

Retraction if endothelial cells

Question 33

AI: main site for rapid increase in vascular permeability

Answer 33

Postcapillary venules