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Biological Psychology > Chapter 3: Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main divisions of vertebrate nervous systems called?

A

The central nervous system CNS and the peripheral nervous system PNS

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1
Q

The anatomy of the nervous system?

A

Neuroanatomy

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2
Q

Where are brain and spinal cord located?

A

Central Nervous System CNS

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3
Q

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral nervous system PNS

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4
Q

Part of the PNS that consists of the axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles

A

Somatic nervous system

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5
Q

Part of the PNS that controls the heart, intestines, and other organs

A

Autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

Located toward the back

A

Dorsal

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7
Q

Toward the stomach

A

Ventral

In four-legged animals, The top of the brain is dorsal or on the same side as the animals back, and the bottom of the brain is ventral or on the stomach side. The same would be true for you if you got down on your knees and crawled

The dorsal-ventral axis of the human brain is at a right angle to the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord

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8
Q

Toward the front end

A

Anterior

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9
Q

Toward the rear end

A

Posterior

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10
Q

Above another part

A

Superior

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11
Q

Below another part

A

Inferior

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12
Q

Toward the side, away from the midline

A

Lateral

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13
Q

Toward the midline, away from the side

A

Medial

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14
Q

Located close or approximate to the point of origin or attachment

A

Proximal

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15
Q

Located more distant from the point of origin or attachment

A

Distal

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16
Q

On the same side of the body. For example, two parts on the left or two on the right

A

Ipsilateral

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17
Q

On the opposite side of the body. For example, one on the left and one on the right

A

Contralateral

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18
Q

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front

A

Coronal plane or frontal plane

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19
Q

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side

A

Sagittal plane

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20
Q

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from above

A

Horizontal plane or transverse plane

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21
Q

What does dorsal mean, and what is its opposite?

A

Dorsal means toward the back, away from the stomach side. It’s opposite is ventral

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22
Q

What term means toward the side, away from the midline, and what is its opposite?

A

Lateral; medial

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23
Q

If two structures are both on the left side of the body, they are ______ to each other. If one is on the left and the other is on the right, they are ______ to each other

A

Ipsilateral; contralateral

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24
Q

A set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS

A

Nerves

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25
Q

A cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

A

Nucleus

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26
Q

A cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS, as in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Ganglion

27
Q

A protuberance on the surface of the brain

A

Gyrus

28
Q

A fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another

A

Sulcus

29
Q

A long, deep sulcus

A

Fissure

30
Q

The bulges in the cerebral cortex are called ______. The grooves between them are called _______.

A

Gyrus; sulcus

31
Q

Part of the CNS; it communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head. It is a segmented structure, and each segment has on each side a sensory nerve and a motor nerve.

A

Spinal cord

32
Q

The concept that the entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information

A

Bell-Magendie law

33
Q

Clusters of sensory neurons outside the spinal cord

A

Dorsal root ganglia

34
Q

Areas of the nervous system that are densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites

A

Gray matter

35
Q

Area of the nervous system consisting mostly of myelinated axons

A

White matter

36
Q

In a cross-section through the spinal cord, the H-shaped _____ ______ in the centre of the cord is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites. The ______ ______ consists mostly of myelinated axon’s

A

Gray matter; white matter

37
Q

A network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigourous activity

A

Sympathetic nervous system

38
Q

System of nerves that facilitate vegetative, non-emergency responses by the body’s organs

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

39
Q

The autonomic nervous system consists of neurons that receive information from and send commands to the heart, intestines, and other organs. What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

40
Q

Describe the functions, locations, and organization of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Prepares the organs for vigourous activity

Consists of chains of ganglia just to the left and right of the spinal cord’s central regions (The thoracic and lumbar areas). These ganglia are connected by axons to the spinal cord.

Sympathetic axons prepare the organs for “fight or flight” – increasing breathing and heart rate and decreasing digestive activity.

Because the sympathetic a ganglia are closely linked, they often act as a single system “in sympathy” with one another.
The sweat glands, the adrenal gland’s, the muscles that constrict blood vessels, and the muscles that erect the hairs of the skin have only sympathetic, not parasympathetic, input

Most of the postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system use norepinephrine, although a few, such as those that control the sweat glands, use acetylcholine

41
Q

Describe the functions, locations, and organization of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Facilitates vegetative, non-emergency responses. The term para means “beside” or “related to”, and parasympathetic activities are related to, and generally the opposite of, sympathetic activities
Parasympathetic activity decreases heart rate, increases digestive rate, and in general, conserves energy

Also known as the craniosacral system because it consists of the cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral spinal cord. Unlike the ganglia in the sympathetic system, the parasympathetic ganglia are not arranged in a chain near the spinal cord. Long preganglionic axons extend from the spinal cord to parasympathetic ganglia close to each internal organ. Shorter postganglionic fibres then extend from the parasympathetic ganglia into the organs themselves.
Because the parasympathetic ganglia are not linked to one another, they act more independently then the sympathetic ganglia do.

The parasympathetic nervous system’s postganglionic axons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Because the two systems, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system’s use different transmitters, certain drugs excite or inhibit one system or the other. For example, over the counter cold remedies exert most of their effects by blocking parasympathetic activity or increasing sympathetic activity that block the action of the sinus fluids which is a parasympathetic response. Sympathetic – increase heart rate

42
Q

Which functions are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system? Which are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the organs for vigourous fight-or-flight activity.
The parasympathetic system increases vegetative responses such as digestion.

43
Q

Sensory nerves enter which side of the spinal cord, dorsal or ventral?

A

Dorsal

44
Q

The posterior part of the brain

A

Hindbrain

Greek root: rhombencephalon

45
Q

What are the three parts of the hindbrain?

A

The medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum

46
Q

The medulla, pons, midbrain, and central structure of the forebrain

A

Brainstem

47
Q

Hind brain structure located just above the spinal cord; could be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal cord

A

Medulla

48
Q

What are the functions of the medulla?

A

Controls vital reflexes including breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing through the cranial nerves, which control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs

49
Q

Nerves that control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs

A

Cranial nerves

Some of the cranial nerves include both sensory and motor components, where as others have just one or the other. The receptors and muscles of the head and organs connect to the brain by 12 pairs of cranial nerves, one of each pair on the right side and one on the left. Each cranial nerve originates in a nucleus or cluster of neurons, that integrates the sensory information, regulates the motor output, or both.
The cranial nerve nuclei for nerves V through XII are in the medulla and pons. Those for cranial nerves I through IV are in the midbrain and forebrain

50
Q

Cranial nerve with the function of smell

A

Olfactory

51
Q

A cranial nerve related to vision

A

Optic

52
Q

A cranial nerve that controls eye movements and pupil constriction

A

Oculomotor

53
Q

A cranial nerve that controls eye movement

A

Cranial nerve (3): Abducens Nerve

54
Q

A cranial nerve responsible for skin sensations from most of the face; control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing

A

Cranial nerve(5): Trigeminal Nerve

55
Q

A cranial nerve responsible for taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue; control of facial expressions, crying, salivation, and dilation of the heads blood vessels

A

Cranial nerve (7): Facial Nerve

56
Q

A cranial nerve responsible for hearing; equilibrium

A

Cranial nerve (8): Vestibulocochlear, Vestibular

57
Q

A cranial nerve responsible for taste and other sensations from throat and posterior third of the tongue; control of swallowing, salivation, throat movements during speech

A

Cranial nerve (9): Glossopharyngeal

58
Q

A cranial nerve responsible for sensations from neck and thorax; control of throat, esophagus, and larynx; parasympathetic nerves to stomach, intestines, and other organs

A

Cranial nerve (10): Vagus Nerve

59
Q

A cranial nerve responsible for control of neck and shoulder movements

A

Cranial nerve (11): Spinal Accessory Nerve

60
Q

A cranial nerve responsible for control of muscles of the tongue

A

Cranial nerve (12): Hypoglossal

61
Q

Hindbrain structure that lies anterior and ventral to the medulla

A

inferior colliculus

62
Q

Describe the functions of the pons

A

Axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord such that the left hemisphere controls the muscles of the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side

63
Q

Located in the hindbrain with many deep folds

A

The cerebellum

64
Q

Describe the functions of the cerebullum

A

Helps regulate motor movement, balance, and coordination
Also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli

65
Q
A

Biological Psychology (1 decks)

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