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Surg 1060 > Chapter 3-Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structure-and relationship between body parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of functions of parts and as a the body whole

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3
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of life, smallest living organism

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4
Q

3 main parts of a cell

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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5
Q

Cell membrane

A

Outer covering of cell that regulates what enters and leaves it.

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Clear-jelly like substance between cell membrane and nucleus contains cell fluid and organelles

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Functional center governs activity and heredity. Brain of cell, can duplicate cell.

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8
Q

Tissue and types

A

Group of cells that perform a specialized function.

Epithelial- covers external body and lining
Connective- provides support stores energy connects to other tissue (bone, fat, cartilage, blood)
Muscular- shortens and contracts
Nervous- carries messagesbetween body and brain

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9
Q

Organs

A

Contains 2 or more tissue that function together for a purpose

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10
Q

System

A

Group of organs that work together to carry out particular activity.

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11
Q

Skeletal system

5 main functions

A

206 bones, provide movement.

Give body shape and support
Allow movement
Protect vital organs
Produce blood cells
Store calcium
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12
Q

Tendon

A

Cord of Connective tissue. Fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

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13
Q

Ligament

A

Band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone

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14
Q

Cartilage

A

Flexible conn: tissue (, ears and nose, ribs to sternum, lusnon between bones)

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15
Q

Ossification

A

Process where cartilage is replaced by bone

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16
Q

Joint and types

A

Place where 2 bones meet

Gliding- vertebrae
Ball and socket- bone with rounded head that fits into cups-allows. swing motion..
Pivot- allows turning motion
Hinge- allows front and back bending (elbows, knees)

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17
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lining of joint. Secretes synovial allied

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18
Q

Cortical

A

Compact pone, hard outer layer surrounded by periosteum ( forming bone and blood vessels)

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19
Q

Cancellous

A

Spongy bone, inner layer of bone

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20
Q

Skeletal system procedures

A

Craniotomy, anterior cervical jusich, PLIF, ORIF, TKA, THA, external fixation, hippinning trigger finger release, tibial ostectomy

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21
Q

Fascia

A

Band or sheet of fiborous conn. Tissue

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22
Q

Types of muscle tissue (3)

A

Skeletal- attached to bone by tendon
Smooth- flat sheet, involuntary and voluntary (breathing, movement of food and blood )
Cardiac- woven fibers throughout heart.invomuntaly

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23
Q

Muscular procedures

A

Faciotomy → incision into fiborars memo. To relieve pressure from injury /swollen muscle
Herniorinaphy- repairing cavity wall muscle layer
Rotator cuff - repair muscle and ligament of joint
ACL, muscle biopsy, tendon repair

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24
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord
Protected by meninges
Control center

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25
Q

Brain

A

Main control unit of c.n.s 100 billion nerve cells.

Divided into: cerebellum, cerebrum, brain steam

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26
Q

Cerebrum functions

A

Manage nerve impulses, control voluntary muscle contractions, interpret sensory info, influence personality, emotions and attitudes

Largest part of Brain

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27
Q

Cerebellum

A

2nd largest controls muscle coordination, balance and posture

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28
Q

Brain stem

A

Controls many automatic body functions ( heart beat and breathing )

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29
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All nervous tissue outside the central nervous system

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30
Q

Eyes

A

Sclera - white portion protects
Cornea- part of sclera In front of eye that is clear
Choroid- middle layer
Furnishes nourishment to eye via vessel.. Has iris (colored part), pupil (openingcontrols light entrance)
Aqueous humor - watery fluid that fills anterior part of eye (between cornea and lens)
retina- third layer, back of eye, lens focuses light on to retina.
Vitreous humor- fluid filled gives eye shape

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31
Q

Ears

A

External: serves as a funnel to send sound to ear canal to tympanic membrane..
Middle: tight membrane to separate inner and middle ear. Vibrations enter middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes)
Inner:. Vibrations are passed through bones into fluid sac then into cochlea, semi-circular canals (body balance is regulated)

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32
Q

Nose

A

Has olfactory bulb at end of olfactory nerves

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33
Q

Tongue

A

Has test buds chemical sense.

4 tastes:
Salty, bitter, sour, sweet

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34
Q

Skin

A

Largest body organ

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35
Q

Nervous system procedures

A

Craniotomy, carpal tunnel repair, ulna nerve transposition, cataract extraction with implant, corneal transplant , BMT, stapedectomy tympanoplasty STSG

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36
Q

Parts of endocrine system

A

Pituitary gland- master gland helps control activities of the glands regulates bp, growth hormones sexual-organs
Thyroid- hormones regulate metabolism maintain ca and k
Adrenal- stress increase hr and strength (flight + fight)
Parathyroid - controls Ca in blood
Pancreas- release insulin→ drops sugar, and glucagon → increases sugar
Ovaries- produce estrogen and progesterone
Testes- produce testosterone

37
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messenger travels through blood and act on target organ

38
Q

Metabolism

A

Total chemical change by which, nutritional and functional activities of organism are maintained

39
Q

Sperm

A

Male sex cell

40
Q

Ovum

A

Female sexcell

41
Q

Chromosome

A

Rod-shape → responsible for inherited characteristics passed from parent to child

42
Q

Epididymis

A

A tube that carries sperm from, testes to vas deferens

43
Q

Vas deferens

A

Duct that transfers sperm from epididymis to the seminal vesicles

44
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Duct formed by seminal vesicles with Vans deferens, which semen moves

45
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Gland that produces semen

46
Q

Prostate gland

A

Produce a quid element insemen that stimulates The movement of sperm

47
Q

Vagina -

A

Muscular canal in female extends from opening to Neck of uterus

48
Q

Cervix

A

Lower neck of uterus

49
Q

Uterus

A

Where fetus develops

50
Q

Endometrium

A

Lining of uterus

51
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Tubes tha convey the ova from ovary to uterus

52
Q

Fimbriae

A

Finger-like projections extending from Fallopian tubes that pull eggs into tubes

53
Q

Reproductive system procedures

A

Orchiopexy, TURP, radical prostatectomy, hysterectomy, BSO, endometrial abrasion,D and c, ectopic pregnancy, Pelviscopy, tubal ligation, vasectomy

54
Q

Urinary and excretory system

A

Average excrete 1,000 -1800cc per-day

55
Q

Kidneys

A

Organs remove excess water and waste substances from blood in a process that yields urine

(nephron)

56
Q

Ureters

A

Tube extending from kidney to bladder to move urine

57
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Resouvior for urine

58
Q

Liver

A

Filters blood to remove amino acids and neutralize some harmful toxins

59
Q

Skin

A

Sweatglands process. perspiration

Remove excess water salt and bodily waste and help cool body

60
Q

Excretory procedures

A

Nephrectomy-remaral
Lithotripsy
Cytoscopy

61
Q

Respiratory system

A

Supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

62
Q

Nose

A

Organ of smell, filters air

63
Q

Mouth

A

Opening, air and food enter, start of alimentary canal

64
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat

65
Q

Esophagus

A

Throat to stomach.

66
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box, air passes through to lungs

67
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe, dividing into bronchi which air travels to wings

68
Q

Bronchi

A

Main passage wayfrom trachea to lungs

69
Q

Lungs

A

Main organ cf respiratory, removes Carbon from blood and transports oxygen to blood

70
Q

Respiratory procedures

A

Thoracotomy, thoracoscopy pneumonectomy tracheotomy, lobectomy, laryngectomy, septoplasty ESS

71
Q

Digestive system

A

Convert food into energy

72
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Pathway food takes through digestive tract

Approx, 30ft long
Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus

73
Q

Small intestine

A

Greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients into body cells

74
Q

Large intestine (colon)

A

Dehydrates digestive residue

75
Q

Digestive procedures

A

Appendectomy, parotidectomy (removal of salivary gland , ) gastrectomy. Gastric-bypass, gastric banding, cholecystectomy, colectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy

76
Q

Circulatory system

A

Delivers nutrients and oxygen to body cells and carries carbon and waste away

77
Q

Lumpnatic system

A

Rote is body defense against disease

78
Q

Blood

A

Body contains 5- 7 L

79
Q

Plasma

A

Largest blood component transports nutrients and helps remove waste

80
Q

RBC

A

Carry oxygen life span 120 days produced In bone marrow

81
Q

WBC

A

Help defend body from infection or invaders

Life span hours to years
Produced in done marrow

82
Q

Platelets

A

Help blood clot

Detach from bone marrow andenter stream
Life span 10 days
Enzymes create fibrin

83
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

84
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood back toneart

85
Q

Capillaries

A

Connection between arteries and veins

86
Q

Atria

A

Upper 2 Chambers of heart

87
Q

Ventricks

A

Lower 2 Chambers of heart

88
Q

Aorta

A

Largest bloodressel

89
Q

Circulatory procedures

A

Tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy,(removal oftonsils) av fistula aaa hemorrnoidectomy, CABG, carotid endarterectomy

Surg 1060 (7 decks)

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