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Biopsychology > Chapter 3 - Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

division of the nervous system located within the skull and the spine; composed of two divisions –> the brain (skull) and the spinal cord (located in the spine)

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

division located outside the skull and the spine,

composed of two divisions: somatic nervous system (SNS) and automatic nervous system (ANS)

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3
Q

afferent nerves

A

carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ear to the CNS

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4
Q

efferent nerves

A

carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

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5
Q

somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment, composed of the afferent nerves and the efferent nerves

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6
Q

automatic nervous system (ANS)

A

part of the PNS that regulates the body’s internal environment

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7
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

automatic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (small back) and the thoracic (chest area) regions of the spinal chord

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8
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

automatic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal chord

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9
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves extending from the brain (optic nerves, olfactory nerves, and vague nerves)

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10
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord

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11
Q

dura mater

A

outer meninx, though membrane

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12
Q

arachnoid membrane (spider web membrane)

A

immediately inside the dura mater

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13
Q

subarachnoid space

A

beneath the arachnoid membrane, contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

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14
Q

pia mater

A

innermost meninx, really delicate, adheres o the surface of the CNS

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15
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

protects the CNS, fills the subarachnoid space, the central Canal of the spinal cord and the cerebral ventricles of the brain

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16
Q

central canal:

A

small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord

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17
Q

cerebral ventricals

A

four large internal chambers of the brain: two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth one

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18
Q

choroid plexuses

A

network of capillaries or small blood vessels that protrude into the ventricles from the Pia mater; produces CSF, the excess CSF is continuously absorbed from the subarachnoid space into large blood-filled spaces or dural sinuses

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19
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

a mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain

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20
Q

neurons

A

cells that are specialized for reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals; they come in an incredible variety of shapes and sizes

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21
Q

Neuron cell membrane

A

composed of a lipid bilayer, or two layers of fat molecules

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22
Q

external features of a neuron

A

cell body, myelin, cell membrane, dendrites, axon hillock, axon, nodes of ranvier, buttons, synapses

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23
Q

dendrites

A

the short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons

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24
Q

axon hillock

A

the cone shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

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25
Q

Myelin

A

the fatty insulation around many axons

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26
Q

axon

A

the long, narrow process that projects from the cell body

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27
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

the gaps between sections of myelin

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28
Q

buttons

A

the button like endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses

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29
Q

synapses

A

the gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

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30
Q

major internal features of a neuron

A

endoplasmatic reticulum, cytoplasm, ribosomes, Golgi complex, nucleus, mitochondria, microtubules, synaptic ventricles, neurotransmitter

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31
Q

endoplasmatic reticulum

A

system of folded membranes in the cell body, rough portions (those with ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of proteins; smooth portions (those without ribosomes) play a role in synthesis of fats

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32
Q

cytoplasm

A

the clear internal fluid of the cell

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33
Q

ribosomes

A

internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized; they are located on the endoplasmatic reticulum

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34
Q

Golgi complex

A

a connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles

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35
Q

nucleus

A

the spherical DNA-containing structure of the cell body

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36
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of aerobic (oxygen-consuming) energy releases

> powerhouse of the cell

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37
Q

mircotubules

A

Tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons

38
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses

39
Q

neurotransmitter

A

Molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells

40
Q

multipolar neuron

A

a neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body, most neurons are multipolar

41
Q

unipolar neurons

A

neuron with one process extending from its cell body

42
Q

bipolar neuron

A

a neuron with two processes tending from its cell body

43
Q

interneurons:

A

they only have a short or no axons at all, They integrate neural activity within a single brain structure; not to conduct signals from brain structures to another

44
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

45
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

46
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons in the CNS

47
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons in the PNS

48
Q

glia cells

A

several classes of nonneural cells of the nervous system

49
Q

oligodendocytes

A

glia cells with the extension that wrap around axons of some neurons of the CNS

50
Q

Schwann Cells

A

second class of glial; each Schwann cell constitutes one myelin segment

51
Q

microglia

A

this class of glia; they are smaller than other glia, they respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells

52
Q

Astrocytes

A

forth class of glia; largest glia cells; they are star shaped, some extensions of some astrocytes cover the outer surface of blood vessels that course through the brain

53
Q

cranial nerves

A

olfactory, optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens, Trigeminal, facial, auditory, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal accessory, Hypoglossal

54
Q

Golgi Stain

A

a neural stain that completely darkens. few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, thereby revealing their silhouettes

55
Q

Nissl Stain

A

a neural stain that has a an affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies

56
Q

electron microscopy

A

a microscopy technique used to study the fine details of cellular structures

57
Q

anterior

A

toward the nose end (anterior end)

58
Q

posterior

A

toward the tail end

59
Q

dorsal

A

toward the surface of the back/ top head

60
Q

ventral toward the surface of the chest/ bottom of the head

A

toward the surface of the chest/ bottom of the head

61
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

62
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

63
Q

gray matter

A

composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

64
Q

dorsal horns

A

the two dorsal arms of the gray matter

65
Q

ventral horns

A

the two ventral arms

66
Q

white arms

A

composed largely of myelinated axons

67
Q

five major divisions of the brain

A
  • telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
68
Q

reticular foundation

A

complex network of 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem from the posterior boundary of the myelencepalon to the anterior boundary of the midbrain

69
Q

pons

A

major division of the mesencephalon; the other is the cerebellum

70
Q

cerebellum

A

large, convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface; important sensorimotor structure;
> cerebellar damage also produces a variety of cognitive deficits

71
Q

mesencephalon

A

two divisions: tectum, tegmentum

72
Q

tectum (roof)

A

dorsal surface of the midbrain; in mammals, the tectum is composed of two pairs of bumps, the colliculi

73
Q

inferior colliculi

A

they have an auditory function

74
Q

anterior colliculi

A

visual-moor function, specifically directed to the body’s orientation toward / away from particular visual stimuli

75
Q

tegmentum

A

division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum, Contains three structures: periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, red nucleus

76
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct

77
Q

diencephalon

A

composed of two structures: the thalamus and the hypothalamus

78
Q

thalamus

A

large, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem. One lobe sits on each side of the third ventricle, and the two lobes are joined by the massa intermedia, which runs through the ventricle

79
Q

sensory relay nuclei

A

nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them, and then transmit them to the ap- propriate areas of sensory cortex

80
Q

lateral geniculate nuclei, the medial geniculate nuclei, ventral posterior nuclei

A

important relay stations in the visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems, respectively

81
Q

hypothalamus

A

located just below the anterior thalamus (hypo means “below”), plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors (e.g., eating, sleep, and sexual behavior)

82
Q

pituitary gland

A

dangles from it on the ventral surface of the brain, the hypothalamus exerts its effects in part by regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

83
Q

optic chiasm

A

point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together

84
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the layer of neural tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres of humans and other mammals
> mainly composed of small, unmyelinated neurons, it is gray and is often referred to as the gray matter

85
Q

telencephalon

A

largest division of the human brain; mediates the brain’s most complex functions
> initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving

86
Q

limbic system

A

circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus; involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors (including the 4 Fs of motivation: fleeing, fighting, feeding, sexual behavior)

> major structures of the limbic system: amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum

87
Q

amygdala

A

almond-shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe

88
Q

cingulate cortex

A

large strip of cortex in the cingulate gyrus on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres, just superior to the corpus collosum, it encircles the dorsal thalamus

89
Q

fornix

A

major tract of the limbic system encircles the dorsal thalamus, it leaves the dorsal end. of the hippocampus and sweeps forward in an arc coursing along the superior surface of the third ventricle & terminating

90
Q

septum

A

mideline nucleus located at the anterior top of the cingulate cortex

91
Q

basal ganglia

A

a collection of subcortical nuclei

Biopsychology (9 decks)

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