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Sociology > Chapter 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 and 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the seven elements of social structure?

A 
Culture
Social Class
Status
Social Roles
Group
Social Network
Social Institution
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2
Q

Culture

A

Refers to a groups language , beliefs, values, behaviors, and gestures. The material objects used by a group. It determines what kind of people we will become.

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3
Q

Social Class

A

Is based on income, education, and occupational prestige. Large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education and who works at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige make up a social class

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4
Q

What are the three types of status

A

Ascribed Status
Achieved Status
Master Status

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5
Q

Status

A

Refers to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society. A number of statues can be held at the same time. (Position or Tittle in a society )

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6
Q

Ascribed Status

A

A person is born with. (Race, Ethnicity,gender, and age)

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7
Q

Achieved Status

A

Status a person earns ( Positive or negative)

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8
Q

Master status

A

That dominates others and determines persons general position in society( most important and changes through life cycle)

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9
Q

Status symbols

A

Are signs that people use to recognize that they occupy a certain status (wedding ring, uniform )

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10
Q

Social Roles

A

Sets of expectation for people who occupy a given status
Status-Student
/ | \ / | \
R R R Attendance Study

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11
Q

Role conflict

A

Occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person
Status. - Status
/ | \ / | \
R R R R R R

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12
Q

Role Strain

A

Difficulties that arise when the same social position imposes conflicting demand and expectations
Status
/ | \
R R R

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13
Q

Role Exit

A

Process of disengagement from a role that is central to ones identity to establish a new role

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14
Q

What are the process of role exit

A

Doubt
Search for alternatives
Action or Departure
Create new identity

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15
Q

Group

A

Any number of people with similar norms, values, and exceptions who interact with each other on a regular basis. Groups play a vital role in social structure every society is composed of many groups in which daily social interaction takes place

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16
Q

Social Network

A

Series of relationships that links a person directly and indirectly to others

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17
Q

Social Institution

A

Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs ( family, government )

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18
Q

Erving Goffmen

A

Presentation of the self .According to Goffman , socialization prepares people for learning to perform on the stage of everyday life.

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19
Q

Impression Management

A

Individual learns to slant the presentation of self to create distinctive appearance and satisfy particular audience ( ex: appearing busier if your superior is watching )

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20
Q

Face-Work

A

Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interactions

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21
Q

Front stage

A

Is where performance are given (wherever lines are delivered )

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22
Q

Generalized others

A

refer to attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that child takes into account in his or her behavior.

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23
Q

Back Stage

A

Is where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentation, and plan for future performances

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24
Q

Self

A

distinct identity that sets us apart from others

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25
Looking-Glass Self
Self is product of our social interactions | Our view of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and our impressions of how others perceive us
26
Role taking
Process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint
27
What are the three phases of developing a self-identity
- We Imagine how we present ourselves to others- to relatives, friends, strangers - We imagine how others evaluate us (attractive, intelligent, shy) - We develop feeling about ourselves such as respect or, as a result of these impressions.
29
What did George Herbert Mead recognize
George Herbert Mead recognized that our concept of who owe we are- the self-emerges as we interact with others.
29
What is George Herbert Mead developed model of the process by which the self emerges, defined by three stages
1. Imitation Stage 2. Play stage: 3. Teen Game stage:
30
Symbols
Gestures objects and words that form the basis of human communication.
31
What are the 4 cognitive theory of development of children thought processes
1. The sensorimotor stage (0–2 years) 2. The preoperational stage (2–7 years) 3. The concrete operational stage (7–12 years) 4. The formal operational stage (12+ years)
32
Imitation Stage
(under 3) children imitate people around them. | Children begin to understand how to use symbols to communicate with others
33
Play Stage
(3 to 6) children develop skill in communication through symbols and role taking occurs They begin to pend to be other people, just like an actor
34
Team game stage
(6 to 7) children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously. Children grasp not only their own social positions but also those of others around them This is the final stage of development the child can respond to numerous members of the social environment.
35
Mead: Theory of the Self
Self begins at a privileged, central position in a persons world As person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others
36
Significant others
individuals most important in the development of the self
37
What did mead distinguish the "I" from "me"
Mead distinguished the"I" from the "me" in development of the self: the "I" component is the subjective, active, spontaneous, creative part of the social self (for instance"I shoved Him"), while the "me" component is the objective part-attitudes internalized from interactions with others ( for instance, "He shoved me")
38
The formal operational stage (12+ years)
Children become capable of abstract thinking, and can use rules to solve abstract problems. (“If X is true, why doesn’t Y follow?”)
39
The superego
The superego—the social conscience we have internalized from social groups—gives us feelings of guilt or shame when we break rules, and feelings of pride and self-satisfaction when we follow them.
40
The concrete operational stage (7–12 years)
Reasoning abilities become much more developed. Children now can
41
The preoperational stage (2–7 years)
Children develop the ability to use symbols (especially language), which allow them to experience things without direct contact.
42
The sensorimotor stage (0–2 years)
Understanding is limited to direct contact with the environment (touching, listening, and seeing)
43
What is Freud approaches to self
Stressed the role of inborn drives in channeling human behavior Suggested self has components that work in opposition to each other Natural impulsive instincts in constant conflict with societal constraints. Part of us seeks limitless pleasure, while another part seeks rational behavior. By interacting with others, we learn expectations of society and select most appropriate behavior for our culture
44
The id
The id—inherited drives for self-gratification—demands fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, safety, food, and sex.
45
The ego
The ego balances between the needs of the id and the demands of society
46
What was Piaget approaches to self
Emphasized stages humans progress through as the self develops Social interaction is a key to development Piaget found that newborns have no sense of a looking-glass self
47
What is Kohlberg and the Development of Morality
Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg concluded that humans go through a sequence of stages in the development of morality
48
What is Kohlberg Development of Morality
The amoral stage The preconventional stage The conventional stage The postconventional stage T
49
The postconventional stage
is when the child reflects on abstract principles of right and wrong, using these principles to judge behavior.
50
The preconventional stage
is when the child follows the rules in order to stay out of trouble
51
The conventional stage
is when the child follows the norms and values of society.
52
The amoral stage
is when the child does not distinguish between right and wrong.
53
Why did Carol Gilligan disagree with Kohlberg
Gilligan disagreed with Kohlberg’s conclusions because they did not match her own experience and he had only used boys in his studies. She found that females tend to evaluate morality in terms of personal relationships and how actions will affect others. Males think in terms of abstract principles of right and wrong. Other researchers tested Gilligan’s conclusions and found no gender differences. Based on this subsequent work, Gilligan no longer supports her original position.
54
Agents Of Socialization
``` Family Friends School Work Government Religion Mass Media ```
55
Anticipatory socialization
processes 
of socialization in which person “rehearses” future occupations and 
social relationships. Example: high school students preparing for college by looking at college Web sites
56
Resocialization
process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as transition in one’s life Example: prisons, indoctrination camps, and religious conversion
57
What term did Erving Goffman
Erving Goffman used the term total institution to refer to places such as boot camps, prisons, concentration camps, or some mental hospitals, religious cults, and boarding schools—places where people are cut off from the rest of society and are under almost total control of agents of the institution.
58
What happens when a person enters a institution
A person entering the institution is greeted with a degradation ceremony, which may include fingerprinting, shaving the head, banning personal items, and being forced to strip and wear a uniform. In this way, his current identity is stripped away and a new identity is created.
59
Total Institution
Total institutions are quite effective in isolating people from outside influences and information; supervising their activities; suppressing previous roles, statuses, and norms and replacing them with new rules and values; and controlling rewards and punishments.
60
Mechanical solidarity
refers to collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity in societies with minimal division of labor
61
Organic solidarity
refers to collective consciousness that hinges on need a society’s members have for one another in societies with more division of labor
62
Gemeinschaft
small community in which people have similar backgrounds and life experiences
63
Gesellschaft
large community in which people are strangers 
and feel little in common with other community residents
64
Whats the importance of social structure
Guides Our Behavior | Behavior Decided by Location in Social Structure
65
Social network
series of social relationships that links person directly and indirectly to others Networking: involvement in social network In workplace, networking pays off more for men than women We can maintain social networks with advances in technology

Sociology (2 decks)

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