Chapter 3 - Atoms, Elements, Minerals, and Rocks

Question 1

Atom

Answer 1

Smallest individual particle retaining properties of an element.

Question 2

Element

Answer 2

Fundamental substances into which matter can be broken down chemically.

Question 3

Rock

Answer 3

Naturally formed,coherent mass of one or more minerals, sometimes including organic debris.

Question 4

Atomic Number

Answer 4

Number of protons in nucleus

Question 5

Mass Number

Answer 5

Total number of protons plus neutrons

Question 6

Isotopes

Answer 6

Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers

Question 7

Electrons

Answer 7

Negative Charge - Contribute very little mass - move around nucleus in complex 3-D patterns called orbitals

Question 8

Energy Level Shells

Answer 8

Groupings of orbitals

Question 9

Ion

Answer 9

Atom with excess positive or negative charge caused by electron transfer

Question 10

Cation

Answer 10

Atom with excess positive charge caused by electron transfer

Question 11

Anion

Answer 11

Atom with excess negative charge caused by electron transfer

Question 12

Compounds

Answer 12

Atoms of two or more elements combined in a specific ratio - molecule = smallest unit

Question 13

Mineral Characteristics

Answer 13

1) Naturally formed 2) inorganic 3) solid 4) specific chemical composition 5) characteristic crystal structure

Question 14

Mineraloid

Answer 14

similar to a mineral except it lacks specific composition and/or characteristic crystal structure

Question 15

Mineral

Answer 15

Naturally formed inorganic solid that has a specific chemical composition and a distinct crystal structure and composed of elements.

Question 16

Nucleus

Answer 16

Made of Protons and Neutrons. It has very little volume but nearly all mass of the atom.

Question 17

Bonding

Answer 17

Force that holds atoms together in a compound

Question 18

Ionic Bonding

Answer 18

Electrostatic attraction between positive and negative charged particles

Question 19

Covalent Bonding

Answer 19

Sharing of electrons by two adjacent atoms

Question 20

Metallic Bonding

Answer 20

Closely packed atoms with electrons shared between several atoms

Question 21

Van Der Waals

Answer 21

Weak secondary attraction between certain molecules

Question 22

Complex Ions

Answer 22

Two or more ions that act as a single entity

Question 23

Crystal Structure

Answer 23

Geometric patterns of atoms in a solid

Question 24

Crystalline

Answer 24

Mineral has a crystal structure

Question 25

Amorphous

Answer 25

Mineral lacks crystal structures

Question 26

Ionic Substitutuion

Answer 26

ions with similar sizes and charges can substitute for each other

Question 27

Mineral Group

Answer 27

Displays extensive ionic substitution without changing cation or anion ratio.

Question 28

Crystal Form/Growth Habit

Answer 28

Geometric arrangement of crystal faces.

Question 29

Polymorphs

Answer 29

Two or more minerals with same composition but different crystal structures.

Question 30

Cleavage

Answer 30

Mineral's tendency to break in preferred directions along planar surfaces.

Question 31

Luster

Answer 31

Quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral.

Question 32

Color

Answer 32

Often striking but unreliable means of identification.

Question 33

Streak

Answer 33

Thin layer of powdered mineral made by rubbing it on non-glazed porcelain

Question 34

Hardness

Answer 34

Mineral's relative resistance to scratching

Question 35

Moh's Hardness Scale

Answer 35

1) Talc - 2) Gypsum - 3)Calcite - 4) Fluorite - 5) Apatite - 6) Orthoclase (Feldspar) - 7) Quartz - 8) Topaz - 9) Corundum - 10) Diamond

Question 36

Density

Answer 36

Mass divided by Unit Volume

Question 37

Specific Gravity

Answer 37

Ratio of mass of substance to mass of equal volume of water

Question 38

Silicates

Answer 38

Minerals that contain silicate anion (SiO4)4-. [Most abundant group]

Question 39

Most Abundant Elements in Crust

Answer 39

O - Si - Al - Fe - Ca - Mg - Na - K - Ti - H - Mn - P

Question 40

Silicate Tetrahedron

Answer 40

Four oxygen atoms (large) surrounding silicon atom (small). Oxygen atoms must bond with other cations and/or bond with two silicon atoms at one time

Question 41

Polymerization

Answer 41

Process of linking silicate tetrahedra

Question 42

Olivine Group

Answer 42

Isolated silicate tetrahedra - distinctive green color

Question 43

Garnet Group

Answer 43

Isolated tetrahedra

Question 44

Pyroxene Group

Answer 44

Single chains of tetrahedra (Augite most common)

Question 45

Amphibole Group

Answer 45

Double Chains (Hornblende most common)

Question 46

Micas (Clays, Chlorites, & Serpentines)

Answer 46

Sheets

Question 47

Feldspar Group

Answer 47

K-feldspar & Plagioclase (60% of crust)