Chapter 3 BIO Flashcards by Gabriella Cutter

Organic

Compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

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How many valence electrons does Carbon have?

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How many covalent bonds can Carbon form?

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Inorganic

Compounds that do not possess a carbon atom (H2O)

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Macromolecules

giant, complex molecules found in living things (by polymerization)

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Monomers

Joining together smaller units (Ex. watch link necklace)

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Polymers

Joining together smaller units (monomers) to make larger ones (Ex. watch band, complete necklace)

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What are the 4 groups of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates (sugars), Lipids (fats, oils), Proteins (amino acids), Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

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What atoms make up carbohydrates (sugars)?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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What is the ratio of C : H : O to make up carbohydrates?

1 : 2 : 1

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What type of main source are carbohydrates

energy

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What else uses carbohydrates for structure

Plants, some animals, and other organisms

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Carbohydrates can be drawn in ___ or ____ form

line ; circle

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Single sugar molecules are also known as ______

monosaccharides

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In building blocks, single sugar molecules are also called ____

Monomers

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Most common single sugar molecule

glucose

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Name for milk sugar molecule

galactose

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Name for fruit sugar molecule

fructose

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Two sugar molecule is called a ____

disaccharaide

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What type of sugar is created when you mix glucose and fructose

sucrose (table sugar)

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What type of sugar is created when you mix glucose and galactose

lactose (milk sugar)

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What type of sugar is created when you mix glucose and glucose

maltose (digestive tract)

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The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides and disaccharides are known as ____

polysaccharaides

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Polysaccharide molecules are made up of 3 or more ____ and is also called a ____

monosaccharide ; polymer

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Glycosidic bonds

bond that holds sugar molecules together

Glycogen

a type of polysaccharide ; complex carbohydrate ; excess sugar stored in animals (liver muscles)

Starch

a type of polysaccharide ; complex carbohydrates in plants, excess sugar (EX. glucose connected together)

Cellulose

a type of polysaccharide ; complex carbohydrate ; gives plants strength and rigidity (EX. wood)

Dehydration Synthesis

Form of carbohydrate when water is removed

Are lipids small, medium or large molecules?

large

What atoms make up lipids

Carbon and Hydrogen atoms and some oxygen (NOT 1 : 2 : 1)

Lipids form by _______ _______, not hydrolysis

dehydration synthesis

Lipids contain a carboxyl group, what is a carboxyl group made of?

-COOH

What are the common categories of lipids?

fats, oils and waxes

Lipids can be used to:

Store energy, cell membranes, waterproof coverings, protection / support

Steroids

synthesized by the body, are lipids as well. Made up of 4 fused rings

Phospholipids

(head with 2 tails) make up a cell membrane

The building blocks (monomers) of lipids are:

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What type of bonds hold glycerol and fatty acids together

Ester bonds

What type of shapes do mono - , di - , and tri - glycerides form

T, F, and E

Saturated lipids

all C-C single covalent bonds (solid)(EX. butter, cheese, milk, ice cream)

Unsaturated lipids

at least one C = C double bond (liquid) (EX. olive or vegetable oils)

Polyunsaturated lipids

More than one C=C bond (EX. fish, sunflower, corn, soybean)

As the degree of melting point decrease, the degree of _____ increases in lipids

unsaturation

Proteins (polymer)

are macromolecules that contain C, H, O, N

Amino acids (monomer)

are the building blocks of proteins. Combined by removing H2O to make a larger structure

Amino Acids consist of 3 groups:

Amino group (-NH2) , Carboxyl group (COOH) , R-group

R-group

the symbol for the part of an amino acid molecule which determines which of the 20 different amino acids are present.

The functions of protein in living organisms:

Building material for the cell Enzymes Control rates of reactions and cell process Help fight disease Transport substances in and out of the cell Can be denatured by heat

Enzymes

speed up body reactions

Polypeptide

Amino acids can be joined to form long chains of amino acids

Brining amino acid monomers together is done by _____ _______

Dehydration Synthesis

A water molecule is removed and replaced with a peptide bond

True or False: The "C" of one amino acid will bond with the "N" or another amino acid

True

What are the 4 different assembly steps to turn amino acids into a protein

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Primary

AA - AA - AA - AA - AA - AA

Secondary

Alpha helix (loops) and Beta Sheet (Zig zag) with hydrogen bonds inbetween

Tertiary

Blob with disulfide bonds (S-S) and hydrogen bonds

Quaternary

complex of protein molecules

Nucleic Acids

macromolecules that contain C, H, O, P, N (polymer)

Nucleotides

building blocks of the nucleis acid

Nucleotides have a 3-part structure

5-carbon sugar (pentose sugar) phosphate group nitrogenous base (look at picture of diagram)

2 types of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA (polymers)

How do nucleotides form into nucleic acids

combine when H2O is removed

Functions of nucleic acids

Store and transmit genetic information (genes) Direct the production of proteins

Which part are reactants and products in the equation: H2O --> H+ + OH-

left side is reactant, right side is products

What is needed to start a reaction

Activation Energy

Catalyst

a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Enzymes are _____ that speed up the chemical reactions that take place in cells

catalysts

True or false: All enzymes are catalysts (proteins

TRUE ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEIN

Polymerization

process by which macromolecules are formed

Activation Energy

is involved in chemical reaction whether or not the overall reaction releases or absorbs energy

The _____ bind to a site on the enzyme called the active site

substrates

The _____ _____ and the substrates have complementary shapes

active site

The fit is so precise that the active site and substrates are often compared to a _____ and _____

lock and key

What is the reactant and Product in an Enzyme -Substrate Complex

Reactant (enzymes) --> Product (substrate)

True or False: Enzymes end in -ase

True

What are the three steps to Enzyme Action

1. Substrates bind to enzyme 2. Substrates are converted into products 3. Products are released

Chapter 3 BIO Flashcards

(78 cards)