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NSCA > Chapter 3 - Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolic and anabolic

A

Breaking down and building up

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2
Q

ATP

A

Composed of
Adenine
Ribose
3 phosphate groups

1 phosphate removed makes ADP then another AMP

High energy

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3
Q

ATP is replenished by

A

Phosphagen system (anaerobic)
Glycolysis (anaerobic)
Oxidative (aerobic)

Only carbs can be used for energy without oxygen

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4
Q

Phosphagen system

A

High-intensity activities
But used at start of all activities
Relies on ATP and creatine phosphate
Using ATPase and creatine kinase enzymes
Myosin ATPase increases rate of breakdown of ATP to form ADP and P and energy (catabolic)
Creatine kinase increases rate of synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP by supplying P group (anabolic)

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5
Q

do type 2 fibers contain more phosphagens than type 1?

A

yes

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6
Q

what does creatine kinase primarily regulate?

A

breakdown of CP
increase in muscle cell concentration of ADP promotes creatine kinase activity
increase in ATP concentration inhibits it

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7
Q

how does ATP work?

A

ATP broken down to ADP, releasing energy for actions
increase in ADP concentration activates creatine kinase to promote formation of ATP from breakdown of CP
increase in ATP decreases creatine kinase activity

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8
Q

how does glycolysis work?

A

ATP provided by glycolysis supplements phosphagen system initially then becomes primary source of ATP for high-intensity activity lasting 2 minutes

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9
Q

where are enzymes for glycolysis located?

A

in cytoplasm of cells

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10
Q

difference between fast and slow glycolysis?

A

anaerobic and aerobic
during fast, final product pyruvate is converted to lactate, providing energy at faster rate
during slow, pyruvate is transported to mitochondria for energy production through oxidative system
fast glycolysis is faster rate

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11
Q

what other byproduct is created?

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which goes to electron transport system for further ATP production

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12
Q

what is formula for fast glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2P + 2ADP -> 2lactate + 2ATP + H20

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13
Q

what is formula for slow glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2P + 2ADP + 2NAD -> 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H20

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14
Q

why are three ATPs created if glycogen is used instead of glucose (2 ATPs)?

A

reaction of phosphorylating glucose, which requires one ATP, is bypassed

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15
Q

what is the rate limiting step during glycolysis?

A

conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate. activity of PFK is primary factor in regulation of rate of glycolysis

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16
Q

how is lactate made?

A

fast glycolysis when oxygen is low. converts to lactic acid causing fatigue but fatigue is more likely result of decreased tissue pH

17
Q

what happens when pH decreases?

A

inhibits glycolytic reactions and interferes with muscle action, by inhibiting calcium binding to troponin or interfering with actin-myosin cross-bridge formation

18
Q

where is lactate used?

A

energy substrate in type 1 and cardiac muscle

in gluconeogenesis during exercise

19
Q

where is lactate oxydized?

A

in muscle where it was produced or transported by blood to other muscles, or converted to glucose in liver

20
Q

what is Cori cycle?

A

conversion of lactate to glucose in liver

21
Q

what is normal concentration of lactate in blood?

A

0.5 to 2.2 mmol/L at rest

22
Q

what is lactate threshold?

A

relative intensity of exercise at which blood lactate begins increase above baseline concentration
typically begins at 50% to 60% of max oxygen uptake in untrained subjects and 70% to 80% in trained

23
Q

what is onset of blood lactate accumulation?

A

second increase in rate of lactate accumulation

occurs when concentration of blood lactate near 4 mmol/L

24
Q

how does oxydative aerobic system work?

A

uses fats and carbs
protein not used before 90 minutes
at rest, 70% of ATP produced is derived from fats, 30% carbs
if oxygen is present, pyruvate is not converted to lactate but transported to mitochondria and converts to acetyl-CoA, where it enters Krebs cycle again
Krebs produces two ATPs from GTP for each glucose
for each glucose 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 produced

25
Q

what is electron transport chain?

A

produces ATP from ADP
uses NADH and FADH2 to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP
hydrogen bonds with oxygen at end to make water

26
Q

how much ATP can NADH and FADH2 make?

A

one NADH can make 3 ATP

one FADH2 makes 2 ATP

27
Q

how much ATP does the oxydative system make?

A

38

28
Q

how is fat oxidized?

A

fats enter mitochondria, where they undergo beta oxidation, forming acetyl-CoA and H
Acetyl-CoA enters Krebs cycle, H carried by NADH and FADH2 to ETC

29
Q

what is the rate-limiting step in Krebs cycle?

A

conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate

30
Q

energy production and capacity

A

weightlifting and tennis rely on phosphagen system
low-intensity but long duration use oxydative
move to glycolysis and oxidative as slows down
inverse relationship between rate and amount of ATP
fatigue during activities usually due to phosphagen depletion

31
Q

what disappears first?

A

phosphagens first as a result of high-intensity anaerobic exercise moreso than aerobic
CP disappears 50-70% during first 30 seconds of high-intensity exercise
muscle ATP not burned more than 60% even during intense exercise
isometric moves use fewer phosphagens

32
Q

how fast is ATP and CP repletion?

A

3 to 5 minutes after exercise, 8 for CP

33
Q

how much glycogen is available?

A

300-400g in muscle, 70-100g in liver

liver is more important in low-intensity exercise

34
Q

how optimally is muscle glycogen repleted?

A

if 0.7 to 3.0 g carbs per kilo ingested every 2 hours following exercise

35
Q

how is oxygen uptaken during aerobic and anaerobic exercise?

A

oxygen uptake increases until steady state of uptake reached

at start, some energy must be supplied through anaerobic

36
Q

what is oxygen deficit?

A

anaerobic contribution to total energy cost of exercise

37
Q

what is oxygen debt?

A

postexercise oxygen uptake when rate remains ab ove preexericse levels

38
Q

when are anaerobics used?

A

when intensity is above max oxygen uptake a person can attain, like if you’re not used to it

NSCA (6 decks)

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