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Psych 1000 > Chapter 3- Biological Basis Of Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Biological Basis Of Behavior Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Glia (glial cell)

A

In addition to neurons, make up the nervous system. They serve a multitude of purposes; Structural support (Astrocyte; Ependymal), Insulation (Oligodendrocyte – CNS; Schwann – PNS), Promote neural communication (Astrocyte), Clean up (Microglia)

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2
Q

Neuron (nerve cell)

A

Is the fundamental building block of the nervous system. They process all motor, sensory, and cognitive information

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3
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

Receives information from dendrites, if enough stimulation, passed to axon

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

Branches that extend from the cell body

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5
Q

Axon

A

Extends from cell body carrying information away

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6
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Type of glial cell covering the axon to insulate and speed the neural impulses

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7
Q

Axon Terminal/Terminal Buttons

A

End of neuron’s axon, from which neurotransmitters are released

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8
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Are the, regularly spaced, regions of bare axon between areas wrapped in myelin. Signal moves down axon where synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft where they are received by receptors

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9
Q

Membrane potential

A

Difference in charge across the membrane

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10
Q

Resting potential (-70 mV)

A

When a neuron is at rest it is negatively charged inside (intracellular) relative to the outside (extracellular), polarized

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11
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Difference in electrical and chemical charges across membrane

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12
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

The point at which the influence of other neurons cause a neuron to initiate an action potential

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13
Q

Action Potential

A

The shift in electrical charge triggers the axon terminals to release neurotransmitters

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14
Q

All-or-none principle

A

Either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated to start an action potential or it is not

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Diffuse across the synapse and bind to the receptors on the dendrites of the receiving, or postsynaptic, neuron

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16
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters are drawn back into the presynaptic neuron and recycled for later use

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17
Q

Enzymatic degradation

A

Breaking down the neurotransmitters by enzymes (e.g. acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase)

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18
Q

Biological perspective

A

Focus on physiological causes

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19
Q

Psychotropic medications

A

Drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms through restoration of neurotransmitter balance

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20
Q

Agonists

A

Mimic or take the place of a neurotransmitter – Increase activity

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21
Q

Antagonists

A

Block or impede neurotransmitter – Decrease activity

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22
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

Function is; Muscle action, memory, learning, attention. Effects are; Increased arousal, enhanced cognition, associated drug is nicotine

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23
Q

Beta-endorphin

A

Function is; Pain, pleasure. Effects are; Decreased anxiety, decreased tension. Associated drugs are; Oxycodone and morphine

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24
Q

Glutamate

A

Function is; Memory, learning, movement. Effects are; Increased learning, enhanced memory. Associated drug is; Ketamine

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25
Dopamine
Function is; Mood, sleep, learning, movement. Effects are; Increased pleasure, suppressed appetite. Associated drugs are; Cocaine and methamphetamine
26
GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Function is; Brain function, sleep, learning, anxiety regulation. Effects are; Decreased anxiety, decreased tension. Associated drugs are; Valium and Ambien
27
Serotonin
Function is; Mood regulation, sleep. Effects are; Modulated mood, suppressed appetite. Associated drugs are; MDMA, LSD, SSRIs(Prozac)
28
Norepinephrine
Function is; Heart, intestines, alertness, arousal. Effects are; Increased arousal, suppressed appetite. Associated drug; Adderall
29
Somatic Nervous System
All the nerves that gather sensory information, delivers it to the spinal cord and brain. Largely voluntary control
30
Motor neurons
CNS muscles (efferent)
31
Sensory neurons
Sensory receptors CNS (afferent)
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Interneurons
Most common neuron
33
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary control, basic life functions
34
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight-or-flight (stress response), pupils dilate, increase heart-rate and breathing, mouth gets dry
35
Parasympathetic nervous system
Opposite response and reverses physiological response caused by SNS to a state of normalcy
36
Homeostasis
A state of equilibrium or balance, biologically optimal conditions
37
Spinal cord
Extends from the brain down the back inside the bony spinal column. Spinal cord injuries: When the nerves that make up the spinal cord itself are damaged. The flow of information to and from the brain is disrupted (paralyzed and incapable of perceiving touch or pain). Higher up the cord the more widespread the damage
38
The Hindbrain
Contains the Medulla, Pons, and Cerebellum. Helps regulate reflex activities critical for survival
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Pons
Involved with respiration, movement, walking, sleep, and dreaming
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Cerebellum
Coordinates fine muscle movement, balance and some perception and cognition
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Medulla
Responsible for breathing, heartbeat and other vital functions
42
The Midbrain
Contains the Reticular formation, Substantia Nigra, and VTA
43
Reticular Formation
Helps screen incoming sensory information and controls arousal
44
Substantia Nigra
Responsible for the production of dopamine
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Cerebellum
Helps regulate reflex activities critical for survival ## Footnote Example: Cerebellum coordinates fine muscle movement, balance, and some perception and cognition
46
Medulla
Responsible for breathing, heartbeat, and other vital functions
47
Midbrain
Contains the Reticular formation, Substantia Nigra, and VTA
48
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Controls diverse behavioral repertoire, including reward processing, aversion, stress modulation, drug addiction, learning, and memory
49
Hypothalamus
Controls the endocrine system and the ANS and regulates behaviors (like fighting)
50
Hippocampus
Limbic system structure involved in memory
51
Thalamus
Relays sensory messages to cortex
52
Pituitary Gland
Produce and release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions, including: Growth and Metabolism
53
Amygdala
A major processing center for emotions
54
Corpus Callosum
Fibrous bridge of axons connecting the hemispheres allowing for communication
55
Cerebral Cortex
Thin outer layer responsible for most complex behaviors and higher mental processes
56
Frontal Lobe
Complex thinking
57
Broca’s Area (LB)
Speech production
58
Parietal Lobe
Sensory integration
59
Temporal Lobe
Hearing, memory, language, facial recognition
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Wernicke’s Area (PB)
Language comprehension
61
Occipital Lobe
Primary visual cortex
62
Lateralization
Specialization of function (e.g., language). Contralateral. RB = L-side and LB = R-side
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Verbal
Based on Roger Sperry’s Split Brain the left hemisphere is:
64
Non-Verbal
Based on Roger Sperry’s Split Brain right hemisphere is:
65
Neuroplasticity
The nervous system’s ability to change and adapt to Experience, Natural development, and Trauma. Creation of new synapses, pruning old connections, even new neurons. Most prominent when we’re very young
66
Neuroimaging
Techniques study brain activity
67
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan
Produces clear, detailed, 2-D X-ray images
68
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
Injects/drinks harmless radioactive substances, called a tracer. The isotope is used to navigate blood flow
69
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Uses a magnetic field to disrupt hydrogen atoms, which emit an electromagnetic signal at different intensities depending on the brain tissue
70
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI)
Also allows for changes in blood flow, but without the injection. It works on measuring oxygenated blood
71
Electroencephalograms (EEGs)
A non-invasive measure using event-related potentials. Can pinpoint when and where the brain activity is occurring via brain waves

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