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PSY210: Developmental Psych > Chapter 3: Biological Foundations > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Biological Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype

A

Inherited genetic material

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2
Q

Phenotype

A

Expression of genes

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3
Q

Environment

A

Defined as everything outside of your genetics

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4
Q

The human genome

A

Made up of ~20,000 protein coding genes (smaller than estimates); most genes are shared among all living things; genes make up only 1% of the human genome (the rest is non-coding DNA)

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5
Q

Five interactions that build a human

A

Parent and child genotype; child genotype on parent phenotype; child’s environment and child’s phenotype (two-way interaction); child’s environment on child’s genotype

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6
Q

Parent Genotype affect on Child genotype

A

Transmission of genetic material from parent to offspring (chromosomes, DNA, genes). Affect development and behavior through protein manufacturing

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7
Q

Mutations

A

Change in DNA caused by random error or environmental factors; fatal more often than not

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8
Q

Crossing over

A

Sections of DNA switch chromosomes in gametes. Occurs prior to conception in the sex cells. Two members of a chromosome pair swap DNA sections

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9
Q

Regulator genes

A

Switch on and off genes; control diversity in genetic expression

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10
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

X and Y; XX = female, XY = male, any other combination = intersex.

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11
Q

Sex linked disorders

A

Genetic mutations that occur only on the X chromosome. More likely to present in males because there is only one copy of the X gene, and no healthy X to replace that mutated data

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12
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of genes. Dominant and recessive; homozygous (2 same alleles) and heterozygous (2 different alleles)

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13
Q

Child’s genotype affect on child’s phenotype

A

Genes affect physical and behavioral characteristics

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14
Q

Endophenotypes

A

Intermediate phenotypes that mediate pathways between genes and behaviors. Do not involve overt behavior

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15
Q

Polygenic inheritance pattern

A

many different genes determine the phenotype

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16
Q

PKU example

A

Example of the genotype affecting the phenotype. If a child is born with PKU and they eat reactive foods they are likely to have issues, but if they avoid the foods then the genetic issue does not present

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17
Q

Child’s Environment affect on child’s phenotype

A

pre and post natal environments can change how genes are expressed; prenatal tests can screen baby and parents for possibly genetic defects that can be treated

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18
Q

Norm of reaction

A

All possible gene expressions given a certain environment

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19
Q

Child’s phenotype affect on Child’s environment

A

The child’s gene expression and behaviors causes their environment to adapt to their needs. Children are active creators of their environment (select surroundings that match their interests/personalities)

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20
Q

Child’s Environment affect on Child’s genotype

A

Epigenetic mechanisms can alter gene functions despite DNA being “fixed”; can occur before or after gestation

21
Q

Histone modification

A

Proteins affected by DNA strand that change expression

22
Q

Methylation

A

Silencing of gene expression by blocking transcription in the promoter region of a gene (modified by stress)

23
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

Science concerned with how environment and genes influence behavior and development

24
Q

Heritability

A

Statistical estimate of how much of a measured variance on a phenotypic trait is attributable to genetic difference; not immutability; not generalizable (can change based on culture and environmental factors)

25
Q

Multifactoral traits

A

Traits that are affected by environmental and genetic factors

26
Q

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

A

Link specific DNA segments with specific traits

27
Q

Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA)

A

takes estimates of genetic resemblance across large groups of individuals

28
Q

Experience-expectant plactisity

A

the role of general human (species-specific) experience in shaping development. The species has evolved to expect reliable post-natal stimuli to facilitate development

29
Q

Experience-dependent plasticity

A

Neural connections are created and reorganized as a result of individual life experiences. Cortical areas can grow for specific training of specific body parts/behaviors

30
Q

Sensitive periods

A

Timing where an experience-expectant process is the most sensitive to input/changeF

31
Q

Frog cell plasticity example

A

A cell from the belly of a frog can be moved to the mouth area, and will become a mouth cell. Moving the same belly frog cell to the mouth of a salamander will still produce a frog mouth cell. The species does not matter, but the cell can still differentiate depending on location

32
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Grey matter that takes up 80% of the brain and is responsible for higher function. Separated into four lobes

33
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in memory and learning

34
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in arousal and four Fs (fight flight feed fuck)

35
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Involved in voluntary movements, decision making, learning and memory

36
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that carry electric potential and can communicate with each other; more than 100 billion in the brain

37
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Triangle shape, very long, transmit info between regions

38
Q

Marian Diamond

A

Very famous neuroscientist

39
Q

Glial cells

A

Support cells that assist functions in the axon/neuron; creates myelin sheaths, cleans the synaptic space, and can lead to increased IQ

40
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

The brain gets rid of neurons over development, and cortical mass decreases. (mass loss occurs in the cortex and basal ganglia, but mass gain occurs in the hippocampus)

41
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Proliferation of neurons through cell division

42
Q

Spines

A

Formations on dendrites that increase connection capacity

43
Q

Plasticity

A

Capacity of the brain to be changed by experience (decreased by myelination)

44
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Process where neurons form synapses with other neurons

45
Q

Synapse elimination

A

Removal of unused/less active connections/synapses

46
Q

Amblyopia

A

“lazy” eye, brain ignored the lazy eye and the dominant eye takes over, Can be corrected with eyepatches

47
Q

Effect of enriching environments

A

Can affect neuronal populations and cause more connections between neurons

48
Q

Hubel and Wiesel kitten experiment

A

Sewed one eye of the kitten shut; found that the dominant eye will take over and discovered the sensitive period of visual development (in kitten)

49
Q
A

PSY210: Developmental Psych (10 decks)

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