Chapter 3 - Biological Macromolecules

Question 1

Biological Macromolecules

Answer 1

large molecules, necessary for life, built from smaller organic molecules; organic: contain C

Question 2

4 Major Macromolecules

Answer 2

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
-make up majority of cells dry mass

Question 3

Monomers

Answer 3

building blocks, single subunits that make up macromolecules
-combine with each other with covalent bonds to form larger molecules - polymers
-releases water as byproduct

Question 4

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 4

A hydrogen of 1 monomer combines with the hydroxyl of another monomer
-monomers share electrons and form covalent bonds
-chain of repeating monomers = polymer

Question 5

Hydrolysis

Answer 5

Opposite of Dehydration Synthesis
-polymers break down into monomers, and a chemical reaction occurs when inserting H2O across a bond - breaking a covalent bond with water molecules causes the polymer to break into 2 components: one part gains H+ and the other gains OH-
-break bond = release energy

Question 6

Monosaccharides

Answer 6

basic unit to make carbohydrates, simple sugars
-can be directly metabolized without further breakdown
-most common: glucose, then fructose, galactose, xylose
-# of carbons ranges from 3-7
-most names end in ose

Question 7

Carbohydrates

Answer 7

organic compounds that contain C, H, and O in a ratio of 2 H atoms & 1 O for every 1 C (C6 H12 O6)
-one of the body’s main energy sources
-two forms : complex and simple

Question 8

glucose + glucose

Answer 8

maltose

Question 9

fructose + glucose

Answer 9

suctose

Question 10

galactose + glucose

Answer 10

lactose

Question 11

xylose or ribose + 5C

Answer 11

peltose

Question 12

Carboxyl Group

Answer 12

C (=0) H

Question 13

Aldose

Answer 13

End of Chain

Question 14

Ketose

Answer 14

Middle of Chain

Question 15

Glucose

Answer 15

C6 H12 O6
-an important source of energy (during cellular respiration, energy releases from glucose which helps make adenosine triphosphates (atps)
-plants synthesize glucose using carbon dioxide and water, glucose provides energy requirements for plant
-humans/animals that eat plants often store excess glucose as catabolized (cell breakdown of larger molecules) starch

Question 16

Fructose

Answer 16

sucrose, found in fruit
-both same chemical formula, differ structurally and chemically because of diff arrangements of functional groups around asymmetric carbon
-fructose and glucose are isomeric monosaccharides and have same formula but different structures

Question 17

Disaccharides

Answer 17

when 2 monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (or condensation or dehydration synthesis)
-one monosaccharide’s hydroxyl group combines with another’s hydrogen which releases water molecule and forms the new molecule
-common: lactose, maltose, sucrose

Question 18

Glycosidic Bond

Answer 18

covalent bond forms between a carbohydrate molecule and another molecule, between 2 monosaccharides
-can be alpha or beta type

Question 19

Alpha Glucose

Answer 19

starches - we an metabolize
-when OH group on C-1 of first glucose below ring plane

Question 20

Beta Glucose

Answer 20

plant cell, we cannot make energy from them
-when OH group on C-1 of first glucose is above ring plane

Question 21

Amylase

Answer 21

saliva; can break down starch - we don’t have enzymes to break down beta glucose

Question 22

Polysaccharides

Answer 22

a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
-may be branched or unbranched
-may contain diff types of monosaccharides
-molecular weight may be 100,000 Daltons or more - depending on # of monosaccharides
-starch, glycogen, celluslose, chitin

Question 23

Glycogen

Answer 23

the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates, comprised of monomers of glucose
-the animal equivalent of starch
-highly branched molecule (usually on liver or muscle cells)
-when blood glucose levels decrease, glycogen breaks down to release glycose in process scientists call glycogenolysis

Question 24

Cellulose

Answer 24

most abundant natural biopolymer
-mostly comprises a plant’s cell wall; provides cell structural support
-every other glucose monomer is flipped over and monomers are packed tightly as extended long chains - creating rigidity and high tensile strength

Question 25

Chitin

Answer 25

polysaccharide containing Nitrogen -major component of fungal cell walls

Question 26

Input and Output of Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 26

Input : 2 Glucose, Energy (ATP) Output : H2O, Maltose (new molecule)

Question 27

Makeup of Carbohydrates

Answer 27

C1 H2 O1

Question 28

of Carbons in Di/Oligo/Polysaccharides?

Answer 28

Disaccharides - 2 C Oligosaccharides - 3 -10 C Polysaccharides - more than 10 C

Question 29

Why do disaccharides and oligosaccharides take longer to digest than monosaccharides?

Answer 29

Because they require more water and time.

Question 30

Differences between Glucose and Fructose

Answer 30

Glucose - primary source of energy, 80% intestines, 20% liver, not turn directly into fat, 80% burned by cells, 20% stored as glycogen, cholesterol friendly * metabolized for energy or packaged for energy storage Fructose - toxic time bomb, only liver can process it, makes up fat, converted to fat directly, promotes bad cholesterol (30% converted) * converted to fat storage

Question 31

High Fructose Corn Syrup

Answer 31

linked directly to obesity, diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction -found in yogurt, bread, frozen pizza, cereal bars, cocktail peanuts, mac and cheese, salad dressing, tomato-based sauces, apple sauce, canned fruit -causes: weight gain, type II diabetes, hypertension/high blood pressure, triglycerides, gout, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney stones

Question 32

Polysaccharides

Answer 32

10-100s of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis -includes starch (potatoes), amylopectin, glycogen (all three can be metabolized by humans), and cellulose - which humans do not have the enzymes to break down (plant cells) -slowest carb to be digested because they are the most complex

Question 33

2 Forms of Plant Starch

Answer 33

Amylose - glucose molecules linked together like strings Amylopectin - a complex network of glucose molecules that includes cross-linkages between strings

Question 34

Soluble Fibers

Answer 34

-decreases cholesterol -prevents heart disease

Question 35

Insoluble Fibers

Answer 35

-promotes bowel movements -relieves constipation