Chapter 3 Biological Macromolecules Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Single line depicts what
A
Single covalent bond
2
Q
Double line depicts what
A
Double covalent bond
3
Q
Organic molecule all contain what
A
Carbon
4
Q
Four major classes of macromolecules
A
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
5
Q
Macromolecules consist of individual subunits called
A
Monomers (one part)
6
Q
Monomers are linked together via covalent bonds into
A
Polymers (many parts)
7
Q
A water molecule is formed as the two monomers are linked by
A
Covalent bond, a pair of shared electrons
8
Q
Monomers are bonded build dimmers, oligomers, or polymers
A
Dehydration synthesis
9
Q
Process of breaking polymers down into individual monomers
A
Hydrolysis- water to break
10
Q
Biological molecules that catalyze or speed up reactions
A
Enzymes
11
Q
Broken down by cellulose, amylase, sucrose, lactase, maltase
A
Carbohydrates
12
Q
Broken down by lipases (enzyme)
A
Lipids
13
Q
Broken down by proteases and peptidases
A
Proteins
14
Q
Broken down by nucleases
A
Nucleic acids
15
Q
Provide energy to the body in form of
A
Glucose
16
Q
Main subunits of carbohydrates
A
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
17
Q
Monosaccharides contain a ______ group, C=O
A
Carbonyl
18
Q
Monosaccharides are ____ energy storage molecules
A
Short-term
19
Q
Important source of energy
A
Glucose
20
Q
Part of lactose/milk sugar
A
Galactose
21
Q
Part of sucrose/fruit
A
Fructose
22
Q
Five- and six-carbon monosaccharides exist in equilibrium between ___ and ____ forms
A
Linear, ring
23
Q
____ form when two monosaccharides are linked in ___ ____
A
Disaccarides, dehydration synthesis reaction
24
Q
Two monomers are joined by ____
A
Glycosidic bond (covalent)
25
____ long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
Polysaccharides
26
Examples of polysaccharides
Starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin
27
Starch is compost of ___ and ____
Amylose, amylopectin
28
Unbranded chain of glucose
Amylose
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Branched glucose chains
Amylopectin
30
___ glucose monomers are linked in unbranched chains
Cellulose
31
Lipids are a group of ____ hydrocarbons with diverse structures and functions
Non-polar
32
All lipids are non-polar hydrocarbons, aka ____
Hydrophobic
33
Fats and oils contain two main components
Glycerol, fatty acids
34
____ Formed by joining three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone by ___ ____ reactions
Triglycerols, dehydration synthesis
35
The covalent bonds linking these molecules together are called ___ bonds
Ester
36
Saturated fatty acids mean
It contains no carbon-carbon double bonds in the carbon-backbone
37
Saturated acids are ___ at room temperature
Solid
38
Stearic acid is a ___ fatty acid
Saturated
39
Oldie acid is a common ___ fatty acid
Unsaturated
40
What is unsaturated fatty acids
Contains at least one carbon-carbon double bonds in carbon chain backbone
41
Unsaturated fats are ___ at room temperature
Liquid
42
Each double bond of an unsaturated fats may be in one of two positions
___ hydrogen on the same side of chain
____ hydrogens on opposite side of chain
Cis, trans
43
Cis-acids have a kink in the chain, what are they
They cannot be packed tightly
Liquids are room temperature
44
Trans-acids- no kink what are they
Can be created through processing, bubbling hydrogen gas through oils
45
Required but not synthesized by the body, so they must be ingested as part of the diet
Essential fatty acids
46
_____ molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone
phospholipids
## Footnote
Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes, forming bilayers that separate cellular environments.
47
The ____________ head groups of the phospholipids face the aqueous solution
hydrophilic
## Footnote
Hydrophilic head groups interact with water, allowing phospholipids to form stable membranes.
48
The ____________ tails are sequestered in the middle of the bilayer
hydrophobic
## Footnote
Hydrophobic tails avoid water, which helps maintain the integrity of the lipid bilayer.
49
Steroids have a _____ ring structure
closed
## Footnote
The closed ring structure of steroids distinguishes them from other lipid types.
50
How many linked carbon rings do steroids have?
Four
## Footnote
The four linked carbon rings are characteristic of steroid structure.
51
Many steroids have a _____ tail
short
## Footnote
The short tail of steroids contributes to their unique properties and functions.
52
Steroids are still considered lipids because they are _______
hydrophobic
## Footnote
Despite their distinct structure, steroids are classified as lipids due to their hydrophobic nature.
53
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are catalysts in biochemical reactions.
54
What do all enzymes do?
All enzymes increase the rate of reaction.
55
Are enzymes specific?
Yes, enzymes are specific; there is a specific enzyme for a specific substrate.
56
What type of enzymes break down substrates?
Catabolic enzymes (hydrolysis).
57
What type of enzymes build more complex molecules?
Anabolic enzymes (dehydration synthesis).
58
What are amino acids?
Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins.
59
What does each amino acid have?
Each amino acid has a different R group.
60
What type of amino acids are nonpolar aliphatic?
Nonpolar aliphatic amino acids are hydrophobic.
61
What characterizes polar amino acids?
Polar amino acids have polar functional groups.
62
What type of amino acids are positively charged?
Positively charged amino acids are ions.
63
What type of amino acids are negatively charged?
Negatively charged amino acids are ions.
64
What characterizes non-polar aromatic amino acids?
Non-polar aromatic amino acids have a ring structure.
65
How are amino acid monomers linked?
Amino acid monomers are linked via peptide bonds.
66
What process leads to the linkage of amino acids?
The linkage of amino acids occurs because of dehydration synthesis.
67
What is a polypeptide?
A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids joined together in peptide linkages.
68
What are proteins?
Proteins are polypeptides or multiple polypeptides that have a function.
69
What is the process of creating a new protein called?
The process of creating a new protein is called translation.
70
What are the four levels of protein structure?
The four levels of protein structure are: 1. Primary structure 2. Secondary structure 3. Tertiary structure 4. Quaternary structure.
71
What is primary structure?
Primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
72
How are amino acids linked together?
Amino acids are linked together by covalent peptide bonds between the peptide backbone.
73
What is secondary structure?
Secondary structure is the local folding of the polypeptide.
74
What is an alpha helix?
An alpha helix is formed by hydrogen bonds between oxygen in the carbonyl group and an amino acid 4 positions down the chain.
75
What is a beta-pleated sheet?
A beta-pleated sheet is formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain.
76
What causes secondary structure formation?
Secondary structure forms because of hydrogen bonding between carbonyl and amino groups in the peptide backbone.
77
What is tertiary structure?
Tertiary structure is the unique three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide.
78
What happens to hydrophobic R-groups in tertiary structure?
Hydrophobic R-groups will cluster in the interior of the protein.
79
What is quaternary structure?
Quaternary structure involves interactions between several polypeptides that make up a protein.
80
What is primary protein structure?
Primary protein structure is the sequence of a chain of amino acids.
81
What is secondary protein structure?
Secondary protein structure is the hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone that causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern.
82
What is tertiary protein structure?
Tertiary protein structure is the three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions.
83
What is quaternary protein structure?
Quaternary protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one amino chain.
84
What determines the amino acid sequence?
The amino acid sequence is based upon the gene encoding that protein.
85
How can protein structure/shape change?
Protein structure/shape can change with altering secondary structure due to changes in temperature or pH.
86
What is denaturation?
Denaturation refers to changes in protein structure that lead to changes in function.
87
What are nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids constitute the genetic material of living organisms.
88
DNA codes for what?
Genome
## Footnote
Entire genetic content.
89
What do genes contain instructions for producing?
Protein or various forms of protein.
90
Where is DNA located in eukaryotes?
Nucleus, mitochondria (plants + animals), chloroplasts (plants only).
91
Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?
Not membrane enclosed (no nucleus).
92
What is RNA primarily involved in?
Protein synthesis.
93
What is messenger RNA?
Intermediary nucleic acid that leaves the nucleus and contains blueprint for protein synthesis (transcription).
94
What does transfer RNA do?
Serves as a bridge between nucleotides and amino acids (translation).
95
What assists in protein synthesis?
Ribosomal RNA.
96
What do DNA and RNA consist of?
Monomers known as nucleotides.
97
What do nucleotides consist of?
1. Nitrogenous base 2. Pentose sugar 3. One or more phosphate groups.
98
What are the types of nitrogenous bases?
1. Pyrimidines 2. Purines.
99
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil make up what?
Pyrimidines.
100
Adenine and guanine make up what?
Purines.
101
What are the types of pentose sugar?
1. Deoxyribose 2. Ribose.
102
What is the bond between two nucleotides called?
Phosphodiester bond.
103
What is the function of DNA?
Carries genetic information.
104
Where does DNA remain?
In the nucleus.
105
What is the structure of DNA?
Double helix.
106
What sugar does DNA contain?
Deoxyribose.
107
What pyrimidines are found in DNA?
Cytosine, thymine.
108
What purines are found in DNA?
Adenine, guanine.
109
What is the function of RNA?
Involved in protein synthesis.
110
Where does RNA leave?
The nucleus.
111
What is the structure of RNA?
Usually single-stranded.
112
What sugar does RNA contain?
Ribose.
113
What pyrimidines are found in RNA?
Cytosine, uracil.
114
What purines are found in RNA?
Adenine, guanine.
115
What does a ribosome consist of?
Two parts: a large subunit and a small subunit.
116
What is the monomer for polysaccharides?
Monosaccharide
117
What are the monomers for fats and oils?
Glycerol + fatty acids
118
What is the monomer for proteins?
Amino acid
119
What is the monomer for nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
120
What is the polymer name for monosaccharides?
Polysaccharide
## Footnote
Common name: Sugars and starches; Class name: Carbohydrates
121
What is the polymer name for glycerol + fatty acids?
Triglyceride
## Footnote
Common name: Fats + oils; Class name: Lipids
122
What is the polymer name for amino acids?
Polypeptide
## Footnote
Common name: Proteins
123
What is the polymer name for nucleotides?
Polynucleotide
## Footnote
Common name: DNA, RNA; Class name: Nucleic acids
124
What type of bond is formed in polysaccharides?
Glycosidic
125
What type of bond is formed in fats and oils?
Ester
126
What type of bond is formed in proteins?
Peptide
127
What type of bond is formed in nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester
128
Why are macromolecules important to living things?
Macromolecules are essential for life because they serve as the building blocks of cells.
129
What is the difference between polymers and monomers?
Monomers are individual subunits, while polymers are monomers linked together via covalent bonds.
130
What types of reactions build and break down macromolecules?
Dehydration synthesis builds macromolecules by removing a water molecule, while hydrolysis breaks down macromolecules by adding a water molecule.
131
How do the products and reactants of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions differ?
In dehydration synthesis, monomers are reactants, and the product is a polymer with a water molecule released. In hydrolysis, a polymer and water are reactants, and the products are monomers.
132
What are the names of monomers, polymers, and the bonds formed by dehydration synthesis for carbohydrates?
Monomer – Monosaccharide, Polymer – Polysaccharide, Bond – Glycosidic bond.
133
What are the names of monomers, polymers, and the bonds formed by dehydration synthesis for proteins?
Monomer – Amino acid, Polymer – Polypeptide, Bond – Peptide bond.
134
What are the names of monomers, polymers, and the bonds formed by dehydration synthesis for nucleic acids?
Monomer – Nucleotide, Polymer – DNA/RNA, Bond – Phosphodiester bond.
135
What are the names of monomers, polymers, and the bonds formed by dehydration synthesis for lipids?
Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol, Bond – Ester bond.
136
How can you describe and recognize the structures of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH₂O), with ring or linear chain structures.
137
How can you describe and recognize the structures of proteins?
Proteins are composed of amino acids, each with an amino group (-NH₂), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable R-group.
138
How can you describe and recognize the structures of nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
139
How can you describe and recognize the structures of lipids?
Lipids include triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids), phospholipids, and steroids (four-ring structures).
140
What are the different functions of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates provide energy (glucose), store energy (starch, glycogen), and provide structural support (cellulose, chitin).
141
What are the different functions of proteins?
Proteins act as enzymes and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of tissues and organs.
142
What are the different functions of nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information (DNA, RNA).
143
What are the different functions of lipids?
Lipids store energy (fats), form membranes (phospholipids), and serve as signaling molecules (steroids).
144
How do structural polysaccharides differ from storage polysaccharides?
Storage polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) store energy and are easily broken down, while structural polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin) provide support and are more resistant to degradation.
145
What is the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats?
Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature. Trans fats have double bonds in trans configuration.
146
How do triacylglycerols differ from phospholipids?
Triacylglycerols are formed by joining three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone and are primarily used for energy storage, while phospholipids have a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group, forming the cell membrane.
147
What do the terms hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic mean?
Hydrophobic means water-fearing (nonpolar), hydrophilic means water-loving (polar), and amphiphilic means containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
148
How do proteins differ from polypeptides?
A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids, while a protein is a functional polypeptide or multiple polypeptides folded into a specific structure.
149
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure involves local folding. Tertiary structure is the unique three-dimensional structure. Quaternary structure involves interactions between several polypeptides.
150
How do the four levels of protein structure differ in terms of bonds?
Primary structure involves covalent bonds, secondary structure involves hydrogen bonds, tertiary structure involves R-group interactions, and quaternary structure involves weak interactions.
151
What is the process of protein denaturation?
Denaturation is the change in protein structure that leads to changes in function, often caused by changes in temperature or pH.
152
What are the key differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded, contains deoxyribose, and uses thymine (T). RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose, and uses uracil (U) instead of thymine.
153
What is the central dogma of life?
The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information: DNA → RNA → Protein. DNA stores genetic information, RNA carries the message, and proteins carry out cellular functions.
