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Biology - Sabrina > Chapter 3 - Biological molecules: the carbon compounds of life > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Biological molecules: the carbon compounds of life Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

(OH) group consisting of an oxygen atom linked to a hydrogen atom on one side and to a carbon chain on the other side

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2
Q

Carbonyl group

A

(C=O) the reactive part of aldehydes and ketones, consisting of an oxygen atom linked to a carbon atom by a double bond

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3
Q

Carboxyl group

A

(COOH) the characteristic functional group of organic acids, formed by the combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups

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4
Q

Amino group

A

(NH2) group that acts as an organic base, consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded on one side to 2 hydrogen atoms and on the other side to a carbon chain

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5
Q

Phosphate group

A

(OPO3~2-) Group consisting of a central phosphorus atom held in 4 linkages:

  • 2 that bind OH groups to the central phosphorus atom
  • a 3rd that binds an oxygen atom to the central phosphorus atom
  • a 4th that links the phosphate group to an oxygen atom
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6
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

(SH) group that works as a molecular fastener, consisting of a sulfur atom linked on one side to a hydrogen atom and on the other side to a carbon chain

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7
Q

Disulfide linkage

A

(-S-S-) linkage that occurs when 2 sulfhydryl groups interact during a linking reaction

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8
Q

organic molecules

A

molecule based on carbon

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9
Q

Inorganic molecules

A

molecule without carbon atoms in its structure

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10
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

molecule consisting only of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms bonded to each other and themselves (C2H6)

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11
Q

Chemical evolution

A

the formation of the organic molecules that allowed the first forms of life on Earth to originate

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12
Q

functional group

A

small, reactive groups of atoms. The functional group determines the chemical behavior of the compound

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13
Q

Isomers

A

2 or molecules with the same chemical formula but different molecular structures

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14
Q

Stereoisomers

A

molecules that are mirror images of one another are an example of stereoisomers

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15
Q

Structural isomers

A

2 molecules with the same chemical formula but atoms that are arranged in different ways

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16
Q

Condensation reaction (also referred to as a dehydration synthesis reaction)

A

reaction during which the components of a water molecule are removed, usually as part of the assembly of a larger molecule from smaller sub-units

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17
Q

Hydrolysis

A

reaction in which the components of a water molecule are added to functional groups as molecules are broken into smaller subunits

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18
Q

Polymer

A

a molecule assembled from subunit monomer molecules into a chain by covalent bonds

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19
Q

Polymerisation

A

the process of assembly of a polymer from monomers

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20
Q

Macromolecule

A

a single polymer molecule with a mass of 1000 Da (Daltons) or more

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21
Q

Starch

A

a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting of branched or unbranched chains of glucose subunits

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22
Q

Glycogen

A

energy-providing carbohydrates stored in animal cells

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23
Q

cellulose

A

one of the primary constituents of plant cell walls, formed by chains of carbohydrate subunits

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24
Q

Monosaccharide

A

the smallest carbohydrates, containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms

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25
disaccharide
a carbohydrate consisting of 2 monosaccharides bonded together by a Glycosidic bond
26
Polysaccharide
carbohydrate polymers with more than 10 linked monosaccharide monomers
27
Glycosidic bond
bond formed by the linkage of two alpha glucose molecules with oxygen as a bridge between a carbon of the first glucose unit and a carbon of the second glucose unit
28
oil
neutral lipid that is liquid at biological temperatures
29
fat
neutral lipid that is semisolid at biological temperatures
30
triglyceride
a non-polar compound produced when a fatty acid binds by a dehydration synthesis reaction at each glycerol's 3 OH bearing sites
31
fatty acid
1 or 2 components of a neutral lipid, containing a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group linked at one end
32
ester linkage
a covalent bond formed between a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group
33
saturated
With respect to a fatty acid, if only single bonds link the carbon atoms. With respect to an enzyme reaction, when the enzyme is cycling as rapidly as possible so that further increases in substrate concentration have no direct effect on the reaction rate
34
unsaturated
with respects to a fatty acid, if one or more double bonds link the carbon atoms
35
monounsaturated
fatty acids with 1 double bond
36
polyunsaturated
fatty acid with more than one double bond
37
wax
a substance insoluble in water that is formed when fatty acids combine with long chain alcohols or hydrocarbon structures
38
phospholipids
a phosphate-contain lipid
39
steroid
a type of lipid derived from cholesterol
40
sterol
steroid with a single polar OH group linked to one end of the ring framework and a complex, non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other end
41
cholesterol
the predominant sterol of animal cell membranes
42
enzymes
protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction
43
peptide bond
a linked by a dehydration synthesis reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the second
44
N-terminal end
the end of a polypeptide chain with an NH3~+ group
45
C-terminal end
the end of an amino acid chain with a COO~- group
46
polypeptide
the chain of amino acids formed by sequential peptide bonds
47
primary structure
the particular and unique linear sequence of amino acids linked to each other by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide
48
Secondary structure
the coiling or the folding of a segment of a polypeptide chain produced by hydrogen bonding between different amino acids in the segment. Alpha helices and beta strands are examples of secondary structure
49
tertiary structure
the folding of the complete amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain, with its secondary structures, into the overall 3 dimensional shape
50
quaternary structure
the arrangement of bonded polypeptide chains in a protein that contains more than one chain
51
alpha helix
a type of secondary structure of a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain is twisted into a regular, right-hand spiral
52
beta sheet
a type of primary structure in a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain zigzags in a flat plane to form a beta strand, and beta strands then align side by side in the same/ opposite direction
53
conformation
the overall 3 dimensional shape of a protein
54
denaturation
a loss of both the structure and function of a protein due to extreme conditions that unfold it from its normal conformation
55
renaturation
the reformation of a denatured protein into its folded, functional state
56
chaperone proteins ( or chaperonin)
'Guide' protein that binds temporarily with newly synthesized proteins, directing their conformation toward the correct tertiary structure and inhibiting incorrect arrangements as the new proteins fold
57
conformational change
alteration in the 3 dimensional shape of a protein
58
domains (2)
1. In protein structure, a distinct, large structural subdivision produced in many proteins by the folding of the amino acid chain. 2. In systematics, the highest taxonomic category, a group of cellular organisms with characteristics that set it apart as a major trunk of the Tree of Life
59
DNA
the large, double stranded, helical molecule that is the genetic material of all living organisms
60
RNA
a polymer assembled from repeating nucleotide monomers in which the 5-carbon sugar is ribose. Cellular RNAs include mRNA (which is translated to produce a polypeptide), tRNA (which brings an amino acid to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide during translation), and rRNA (which is a structural component of ribosomes). The genetic material of some viruses is RNA
61
Nucleotide
the monomer of nucleic acids, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate
62
Nitrogenous base
a nitrogen-containing molecule that accepts protons
63
Pyrimidines
a type of nitrogenous base with on carbon-nitrogen ring
64
Purine
a type of nitrogenous base with 2 carbon-nitrogen rings
65
Deoxyribonucleotide
nucleotide containing deoxyribose as the sugar, deoxyribonucleotides are components of DNA
66
ribonucleotide
nucleotide contain ribose as the sugar; ribonucleotides are components of RNA
67
nucleoside
molecule containing only a nitrogenous base and a 5 carbon sugar
68
phosphodiester bond
the linkage of nucleotides in polynucleotide chains by a bridging phosphate group between the 5' carbon of one sugar and the 3' carbon of the next sugar in line
69
template
a nucleotide chain used in DNA replication for the assembly of a complementary chain

Biology - Sabrina (9 decks)

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