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bio > chapter 3: carbon and the molecular diversity of life > Flashcards

chapter 3: carbon and the molecular diversity of life Flashcards

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1
Q

organic compound

A

a compound containing carbon

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2
Q

macromolecules

A

huge molecules

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3
Q

valence

A

the number of covalent bonds an atom can form

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4
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

isomers

A

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties

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6
Q

structural isomers

A

compounds that differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

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7
Q

cis-trans isomers

A

compounds that have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but the atoms differ in their spatial arrangement due to inflexibility of double bonds

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8
Q

enantiomers

A

isomers that are mirror images of one another

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9
Q

functional groups

A

chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions

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10
Q

hydroxyl group

A

functional group consisting of one oxygen covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom

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11
Q

carboxyl group

A

functional group consisting of one carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group

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12
Q

amino group

A

functional group consisting of one nitrogen and two hydrogens bonded together through single covalent bonds

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13
Q

phosphate group

A

a functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

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14
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

an organic molecule that consists of adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups

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15
Q

polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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16
Q

monomers

A

small building-block molecules

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17
Q

dehydration reaction

A

a reaction in which two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

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18
Q

hydrolysis

A

a reaction in which a bond is broken through the addition of a water molecule

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19
Q

enzymes

A

organic catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

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20
Q

carbohydrates

A

includes sugars and the polymers of sugars

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21
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars that have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O

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22
Q

disaccharide

A

formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

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23
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond that joins monosaccharides

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24
Q

polysaccharides

A

the polymers of sugars

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25
starch
a storage polysaccharide of plants
26
glycogen
storage polysaccharide in animals
27
cellulose
a polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
28
lipid
fatty compounds that do not form true polymers; hydrophobic
29
chitin
a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
30
fats
lipids that are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
31
fatty acid
consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
32
ester linkage
bond that joins fatty acids to glycerol
33
saturated fatty acids
fatty acids that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
34
unsaturated fatty acids
fatty acids that have one or more double bonds
35
saturated fats
fats made from saturated fatty acids; solid at room temperature
36
unsaturated fats
fats made from unsaturated fatty acids; liquid at room temperature
37
trans fats
synthetic fats produced from hydrogenating unsaturated fats, have trans double bonds; very unhealthy
38
phospholipid
a lipid consisting of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
39
steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
40
cholesterol
an important steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes
41
catalysts
substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction
42
polypeptides
unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
43
protein
a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides
44
amino acids
organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
45
peptide bonds
bonds that link amino acids
46
primary structure
a protein's unique sequence of amino acids
47
secondary structure
a protein's coils and folds in its polypeptide chain; result of hydrogen bonds between components of the polypeptide backbone
48
alpha helix
a sequence of amino acids in a protein that are twisted into a coil
49
beta pleated sheet
segments of amino acids in a protein that overlap one another
50
tertiary structure
the overall shape of a polypeptide; determined by interactions among various side chains
51
hydrophobic interaction
interaction in which amino acids with hydrophobic side chains usually end up in the core of the protein; causes nonpolar species to cluster in water
52
disulphide bridges
can form between the sulfurs of two cysteines (type of amino acid)
53
quaternary structure
results from the interactions between multiple polypeptide chains
54
sickle-cell disease
an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
55
denaturation
loss of a protein's native structure as a result of physical and chemical conditions (pH changes, salt concentration, temperature, etc.)
56
gene
unit of inheritance that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
57
nucleic acid
macromolecule made of monomers called nucleotides
58
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
type of nucleic acid that provides directions for its own replication
59
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
type of nucleic acid that creates proteins via translation
60
gene expression
a process in which DNA directs a synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) to control protein synthesis
61
polynucleotides
nucleic acids, which are polymers
62
nucleotides
monomers that make up polynucleotides
63
pyrimidines
family of nitrogenous bases that have a single ring and include cytosine, thymine, and uracil
64
purines
family of nitrogenous bases that have a double ring and include adenine and guanine
65
deoxyribose
the sugar in DNA
66
ribose
the sugar in RNA
67
double helix
shape formed as a result of DNA molecules having two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis
68
antiparallel
an arrangement in the DNA double helix in which the two backbones run in opposite 5' -> 3' directions from each other

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