Chapter 3 - Cell Structure/Function Flashcards
0
Q
Eukaryotes
A
- nuclear envelope surrounds DNA, creating nucleus
- membrane bound organelles
- algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, plants
- larger and more complex
1
Q
Prokaryotes
A
- Archaea and Bacteria
- no nucleus
- no membrane bound organelles
- much smaller and more simple
2
Q
Prokaryotic Glycocayces
A
- a gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell
- produced inside the cell
- made of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both
- helps cell to communicate with outside world by attachment or hiding from host cells
- keeps cells from dessication
- 2 types: capsule or slime layer
3
Q
Capsule Glycocalyx
A
- much more organized
- firmly attached to cells surface
4
Q
Slime Layer Glycocalyx
A
- loosely attached, water soluble sticky layer
- attach to surfaces
- slobbery and gooey looking
5
Q
Prokaryotic Flagella
A
- long structures that extend beyond the cell’s surface
- responsible for movement
- not present on all bacteria
- composed of basal body, hook, and filaments (long tubes)
- can only rotate clockwise and counterclockwise
6
Q
Peritrichous Flagella
A
- all over the cell
7
Q
Monotrichous Flagella
A
- one flagella from one pole of the cell
8
Q
Lophotrichous Flagella
A
- many flagella from one pole of the cell
9
Q
Amphitrichous Flagella
A
- flagella coming from both poles of the cell
10
Q
Endoflagella
A
- between the inner and outer membrane
- forms axial filaments
- wrap all around bacterial cell and corkscrew
11
Q
Fimbriae
A
- rod like protein extensions
- sticky, bristle like projections that adhere to one another and substances too
- shorter than flagella
- can be hundreds per cell
- biofilms
- special type is Pili
- only in Prokaryotes
12
Q
Pili
A
- special type of fimbriae
- used mostly in conjunction (transfer DNA from one cell to another)
- longer than general fimbriae, shorter than flagella
- only 1 to 2 per cell
- only in Prokaryotes
13
Q
Coccus
A
- bacterial cell shape
- spherical
- non motile
- diplococcus = two
- streptococcus = long row
- tetrad = 2x2
- staphylococcus = large bunch
14
Q
Baccilus
A
- bacterial cell shape
- elongated
- often motile
- diplobacilli = two
- streptobacilli - long chain/row
15
Q
Coccobaccillus
A
- bacterial cell shapes
- between spherical and long
16
Q
Vibrio
A
- bacterial cell shape
- arched
- motile
17
Q
Sprillum
A
- bacterial cell shape
- loop de loop
- motile
18
Q
Spirochete
A
- bacterial cell shape
- squiggly
- motile
19
Q
Bacterial Cell Wall
A
- peptidoglycan
- chains of NAG and NAM cross linked with peptides
- some bacteria lack a cell wall completely
20
Q
Gram Positive Cell Wall
A
- thick layer of peptidoglycan and only 1 membrane
- appear purple in staining
- teichoic acids anchor the cell wall to the cell
- some have mycolic acid and need an acid fast stain
21
Q
Gram Negative Cell Wall
A
- thin layer of peptidoglycan
- 2 membranes total
- outer layer contains LPS, which is toxic when the cell dies
- stains Pink
22
Q
Diffusion
A
- passive
- net movement of a chemical down it’s concentration gradient
- high to low
23
Q
Facilitated Diffusion
A
- passive
- integral proteins act as a channels to allow molecules to diffuse down their concentration gradient
24
Osmosis
- passive
| - diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane to lower H2O concentration
25
Isotonic Solution
- same concentration of solutes on either side of a semipermeable membrane
26
Hypertonic Solution
- the side that has a higher concentration level of solute
27
Hypotonic Solution
- the lower concentration side of a membrane
28
Active Transport
- active process
- utilizes transmembrane permease proteins to move molecules across membrane
- Uniports are when only one membrane is transported at a time
- Antiports simultaneously transport two different chemicals in opposite directions at a time
- always against electrochemical gradient
29
Group Translocation
- active process
- only occurs in some bacteria
- the substance being transported is chemically changed during the transportation
30
Lipopolysaccaride (LPS)
- present in the outer membrane of a gram - bacteria
- inside Lipid A
- endotoxin
- can trigger fever, inflammation, vasodilation, shock
- only toxic when the cell dies and lyses, sending LPS out into it's environment
31
Bacterial Cytoplasm
- semitransparent fluid inside the cell
- cytosol
- inclusions
- endospores
32
Cytosol
- liquid portion of the cytoplasm
- gelatinous
- mostly water
- contains DNA in the nucleoid
33
Nucleoid
- genome of prokaryotes is a closed circular loop located inside the nucleoid
- there is no membrane surrounding it
- only in prokaryotes
34
Endospore
- produced by some bacteria
- defensive against inhospitable environments
- when nutrients are limited, normal bacterial vegetative cells will transform into these
35
Nonmembranous Organelles in Bacteria
- Ribosomes
| - Cytoskeleton
36
Prokaryotic Ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis
- composed of 2 subunits, 30s and 50s
- total size is 70s
- made of polypeptides and ribosomal RNA
37
Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton
- composed of 3 to 4 types of protein fibers
| - can move, help with cell shape, help cells divide, etc
38
Eukaryotic Glycocalyes
- anchored into cytoplasm via covalent bonds
- not as organized as prokaryotes
- not all eukaryotes have them
- normally made of carbohydrate
- help anchor cells to one another and strengthen the cell surface
39
Eukaryotic Cell Wall
- seen in plants, fungi, and algae
| - made of different polysaccharides
40
Eukaryotic Cytoplasmic Membrane
- all cells have these (prok. and euk.)
- contain steroid lipids to help maintain fluidity (not in prok.)
- control the movement into and out of the cell
- can perform exocytosis and endocytosis (not in prok.)
41
Endocytosis
- cell membrane surrounding substance to bring it into the cell
- pinocytosis = import of liquids
- phagocytosis = import of solids
42
Eukaryotic Flagella
- completely surrounded by cytoplasmic membrane
- composed of a shaft of tubulin arranged to form microtubules (instead of prok. singular strand)
- filaments are anchored to the cell by the basal body (no hook)
- each one undulates rhythmically like a jump rope (prok. rotate)
43
Cilia
- only in Eukaryotes
- shorter than flagella and more numerous
- coordinated beating to propel forward
- same internal structure as a eukaryotic flagella
44
Eukaryotic Ribosomes
- larger than prokaryotic
| - 60s + 40s = 80s
45
Eukarytoic Cytoskeleton
- much more complex
| - somewhat of a network to move organelles around inside the cell
46
Centrioles/Centrosome
- chopped up flagella basal bodies
| - play some role in mitosis
47
Nucleus
- has a double membrane that encases DNA called nuclear envelope
- largest organelle
- nucleolus and nucleoplasm inside
- contains most of the cell's DNA
- nucleoplasm is the semiliquid portion that contains chromatin (compressed DNA)
48
Nucleoli
- inside the nucleoplasm inside the nucleus
| - where RNA is synthesized
49
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- flat hollow tubules on the outside of the nuclear envelope
- transport system
- SER = where lipids are made
- RER = ribosomes are attached and make proteins
50
Golgi Body
- recieves, processes, and packages large molecules from the ER for export
51
Lysosomes
- store and transfer chemicals within cells
| - contain catabolic enzymes
52
Peroxisomes
- store and transfer chemicals within the cells
| - contain enzymes that degrade poisonous wastes
53
Phagocytosis Process
1. bacteria is recognized and brought into the cell with pseudopods through endocytosis
2. a lysosome from the golgi body fuses with the bacteria in the phagosome vesicle
3. the phagolysosome breaks down the bacteria
4. the bacteria is completely digested
5. the vesicle fuses with the membrane and dumps the debris into the environment by exocytosis
54
Mitochondria
- powerhouse
- produces most of the cell's ATP
- two membranes
- inner membrane is invaginated and a matrix
- inner membrane contains 70s ribosomes (prok.) and circular DNA
- where most of the steps of respiration occur after glycolysis
- same as chloroplasts in plants
55
Endosymbiotic Theory
- theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living bacteria
- eukaryotes originated when a large prokaryote ingested a mitochondria and they became useful to the larger cell
- reasons: 70s prokaryotic ribosomes and circular DNA
