Chapter 3: Cells

Question 1

What is cell theory?

Answer 1

All living organisms composed of cells and cells form unifying structural basis of organization.

Question 2

Cells with NO nucleus.

Answer 2

Prokaryotic (bacteria)

Question 3

Cells with a nucleus.

Answer 3

Eukaryotic (plants and animals)

Question 4

Rigid boundary of cell

Answer 4

Cell wall

Question 5

Protoplasm

Answer 5

All living components of a cell.

Question 6

Cytoplasm

Answer 6

All cellular components between plasma membrane and the nucleus.

Question 7

Cell wall

Answer 7

Made up of cellulose (long chains of glucose), hemicellulose (holds cellulose fibers together), pectin (gives stiffness like in jelly), and glycoproteins(proteins with associated sugars).

Question 8

Production of cell walls stages…

Answer 8

Middle lamella produced (comprised of mostly pectin), primary walls, and secondary walls (thickening of lignin).

Question 9

What are the parts of a nucleus?

Answer 9

Nucleoli (RNA and associated proteins), nuclear envelope, chromatin

Question 10

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

enclosed space consisting of network of flattened sacs and tubes forming channels throughout cytoplasm. Helps cellular communication.

Question 11

Rough ER

Answer 11

Ribosomes on outer surface of ER

Question 12

Smooth ER

Answer 12

No ribosomes :( and associated with lipid secretion.

Question 13

Ribosomes

Answer 13

Two subunits composed of RNA and proteins. Link amino acids to construct complex proteins

Question 14

Dictyosomes

Answer 14

Stacks of flattened discs or vesicles - Golgi bodies - that change carbs on proteins. Assemble polysaccharides and collect.

Question 15

Chloroplasts

Answer 15

Bound by double membrane; contains chlorophyll and encodes for production of certain proteins involved with photosynthesis.

Question 16

Chromoplast

Answer 16

synthesize and accumulate carotenoids (yellow, orange, red that pigment ripe fruits or roots).

Question 17

Leucoplasts

Answer 17

Colorless, may synthesize starches or oils

Question 18

Mitochondria

Answer 18

Release energy produced from cellular respiration.

Question 19

Vacuoles

Answer 19

Often take up 90% of cell body; maintain cell pressure and PH and sometimes collect and recycle cell waste.

Question 20

Cytoskeleton

Answer 20

involved in movement in a cell of microtubules (control addition of cellulose to cell wall) and microfilaments (plays a role in cytoplasmic streaming, the movement of organelles within cell wall).

Question 21

What is interphase?

Answer 21

A period in the cell cycle in which the cell is not splitting. Longest part of cell cycle.

Question 22

What is mitosis?

Answer 22

The division and production of new “daughter cells” (DNA is major role)

Question 23

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 23

The dividing of the rest of the cell once mitosis is done.

Question 24

First phase of mitosis: chromosomes become shorter and thicker; nuclear envelope dissociates and nucleoli disentigrate.

Answer 24

Prophase

Question 25

Second phase of mitosis: alignment of the chromosomes.

Answer 25

Metaphase

Question 26

Third phase of mitosis: shortest phase; chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Answer 26

Anaphase

Question 27

Fourth phase of mitosis: they are separate; nuclear envelope forms; nucleoli reappear. Two new daughter cells.

Answer 27

Telophase

Question 28

Phases of interphase.

Answer 28

1. G1 (Cell increases size) 2. S (DNA replication takes place) 3. G2 (Mitochondria and other organelles divide; microtubules produced)

Question 29

Aspects of higher plant cells.

Answer 29

cell walls, cell plates and plasmodesmata, and plastids and vacuoles.

Question 30

Aspects of animal cells.

Answer 30

No cell walls (skeletons), cell membrane, no cell plate or plasmodesmata, centrioles present during cell division, and no plastids or vacuoles.

Question 31

Plasmodesmata

Answer 31

cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells through minute openings (“bridges” that connect cells).

Question 32

Polyribosomes

Answer 32

Cluster of ribosomes that are linked by a molecule of RNA

Question 33

Endomembrane system.

Answer 33

A system designed to create, modify, and transport cell products like lipids and proteins.

Question 34

What does the endomembrane system involve?

Answer 34

The rough ER, the smooth ER, and the golgi

Question 35

Found in Leucoplasts and synthesize starches.

Answer 35

Amyloplasts

Question 36

In leucoplasts and synthesize oils.

Answer 36

Elaioplasts