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Bio 120 A&P > chapter 3- cells > Flashcards

chapter 3- cells Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

what are cells?

A

the basic, living, structural, and functional units of the body

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2
Q

The scientific study of cells is called

A

cell biology or cytology.

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3
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms the cell’s flexible outer surface, separating the cell’s internal environment (everything inside the cell) from the external environment (everything outside the cell).

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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5
Q

what are the two components the cytoplasm contains

A

cytosol and organelles

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6
Q

cytosol

A

it is the fluid inside the cytoplasm the gel in which the organelles are anchored in

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7
Q

nucleus

A

is a large organelle that houses most of a cell’s DNA

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8
Q

chromosome

A

a single molecule of DNA associated with several proteins

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9
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

a flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell, is best described by using a structural model

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10
Q

lipid bilayer

A

two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules—phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

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11
Q

proteins are

A

are “gatekeepers” for certain molecules and ions

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12
Q

phospholipids

A

it’s about 75% of the membrane lipids. lipids that contain phosphorus. looks like a head and tail.

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13
Q

Polar head

A

hydrophilic head. It likes water

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14
Q

Non-polar tail

A

Hydrophobic tail. Does not like water

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15
Q

cholesterol

A

20% of lipids. a steroid with an attached OH (hydroxyl) group

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16
Q

glycolipids

A

5% of lipids. lipids with attached carbohydrate groups

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17
Q

The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipids are

A

amphipathic

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18
Q

amphipathic

A

molecules, which means that they have both polar and nonpolar parts

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19
Q

Membrane proteins are classified as

A

integral or peripheral according to whether they are firmly embedded in the membrane

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20
Q

Integral proteins

A

extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it

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21
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

which is Most integral proteins. means that they span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid

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22
Q

peripheral proteins

A

are not as firmly embedded in the membrane. They are attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane.

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23
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that extend into the extra cellular fluid

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24
Q

glycocalyx

A

The carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary coat

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25
ion channels
pores or holes that specific ions, such as potassium ions (K+), can flow through to get into or out of the cell. Most ion channels are selective; they allow only a single type of ion to pass through.
26
a cell is made out of
plasma membrane cytoplasm Nucleus
27
Functions of the membrane protein
``` channel transporter receptor Cell Identity Marker Linker Act as Enzyme ```
28
channel protein (integral)
would be like a hallway that’s always open and molecules can pass through into the cell
29
Transporter Proteins (integral)
will still be specific to what it brings in, it binds and changes the shape and moves it across the membrane into the cell or out
30
Receptor Proteins (integral)
bind to substance. will sit on the surface or in the membrane and a specific substance, and will cause a change in the cell.
31
Cell Identity Marker (glycoprotein)
recognize self vs. non-self
32
Linker (integral & peripheral)
anchor proteins in cell membrane or to other cells | - cell shape & structure
33
Act as Enzyme (integral & peripheral)
speed up reactions
34
molecules moves down the concentration gradient from
High to low because it does not require any energy
35
why doesn't molecules want to move from high to low from the concentration gradient
because high to low would require energy
36
Transport processes
Active and passive transport
37
Passive transport
move “down” their concentration gradient | -requires No energy
38
Active transport
move a substance against its [gradient] | -Requires energy (ATP)
39
types of passive transports
Diffusion of solutes Osmosis = Diffusion of water Facilitated diffusion
40
Diffusion aka Simple Diffusion
Movement of particles from [H] → [L] “down” or “with” the [ ] gradient Uses no ATP
41
Osmosis
The net (overall) movement of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane from [H] → [L] (from lower [] of solutes → higher [] of solutes).
42
if there is a lot of water in a space means there is less
solutes (Na, K)
43
for osmosis you can't have
high and high or low and low
44
To stop osmosis is an
osmotic pressure
45
Osmotic Pressure
The amount of pressure that would have to be applied to 1 side of a selectively permeable membrane in order to stop osmosis.
46
Filtration
The process where fluid & particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by Hydrostatic Pressure.
47
Facilitated Diffusion
A carrier-mediated process Uses a membrane bound (transmembrane) protein [H] to [L] Uses no ATP
48
Active transport pt.2
``` A carrier-mediated process Uses a membrane bound (transmembrane) protein called a pump [L] to [H] (or even [H] to [L]) Uses ATP -requires 40% of cellular ATP ``` Sodium-Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ ATPase pump) 
most common example all cells have 1000s of them maintains low concentration of Na+
& a high concentration of K+ inside cell 2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out operates continually
49
Vesicular Transport of Particles
Endocytosis and Exocytosis (requires no ATP)
50
Endocytosis
bringing something into cell
51
receptor-mediated
binds to receptor on surface
52
Phagocytosis
- Eating other cells like dead cells or waste, viruses by WBC and macrophages
53
pinocytosis aka bulk phase endocytosis
- Whatever material that the cell brings in is liquid. basically cells drinking
54
Exocytosis
release something from cell - Vesicles form inside cell, fuse to cell membrane - Release their contents * digestive enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters or waste products
55
Tonicity
The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume w/i a cell. If a solute can’t pass through a plasma membrane, but remains more concentrated on 1 side than on the other, it will cause osmosis.
56
Types of tonicity
Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution
57
Isotonic
means the concentration of water is equal or similar to the concentration of the solutes.
58
Hydrotonic
is when there’s more water than solutes making the cell swell (cause the cell to burst) aka bursting= lysis
59
Hypertonic
is when the solutes is greater than the water(shrinks the cell) aka shrinking=crenation
60
Nucleus
Large organelle w/ double membrane nuclear envelope. Has it own membrane, it’s important because DNA is stored in the nucleus. Nucleolus is important and must be protected because it produces ribosomes
61
Nucleolus
- spherical, dark bodies w/i the nucleus | - site of ribosome production
62
Chromatin
is the storage form of DNA
63
If cell is dividing (mitosis) chromatin folds to form
chromosomes
64
Chromosomes are formed from
sister chromatids
65
Centrosome
Contains 2 centrioles wh/ form the mitotic spindle seen during mitosis
66
Centromere binds
2 sister chromatids`
67
Mitochondria
is the powerhouse of the cell. Site of ATP synthesis when Oxygen is available. It has a inner and outer membrane
68
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis
69
Ribosomal Subunits
- Large + small subunits - made in nucleolus - assembled in the cytoplasm
70
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough ER is covered w/ ribosomes. - continuous w/ nuclear envelope & contains ribosomes - Synthesizes & processes proteins
71
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of membranes
72
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
- Has no ribosomes. - synthesizes fatty acids & steroids (estrogen & testosterone) - detoxifies harmful substances (alcohol) (many in liver cells)
73
Golgi Complex
- Proteins made in rough ER go to Golgi - Golgi complex role is to process, package, & deliver proteins (and lipids) to the plasma membrane & secretory vesicles and lysosomes
74
Packaging by Golgi Complex
- Proteins pass from rough ER to golgi complex in transport vesicles - Processed proteins pass from entry to exit in transfer vesicle - Finished proteins exit golgi as membrane, secretory, or transport vesicle
75
Lysosomes
Digest enzymes
76
Peroxisomes
- smaller than lysosomes, - detoxify toxic substances (ex alcohol) many in liver - remove H+ atoms
77
Proteasomes
- destroy unneeded/damaged proteins | - found in cytosol & nucleus
78
Cilia/Flagella
Hairlike projections, helps the cells movement
79
Villi/microvilli
absorption
80
Cytoskeleton
protein network in cytosol | Provides shape and support to cell
81
DNA (Genes)
contain instructions for making proteins
82
Protein Synthesis
``` Transcription = DNA → RNA Translation = RNA → Proteins ```
83
The Cell Cycle in Somatic Cells
- Process where cell duplicates its contents & divides in 2. - 46 chromosomes duplicated so genes are passed to new cells - interphase - mitosis
84
Stages of interphase
G1 S G2
85
G1
duplicates organelles & cytosolic components
86
S
DNA Synthesis (replication)
87
G2
make enzymes & other proteins for division
88
Interphase
distinct nucleus | absence of chromosomes
89
Prophase
- Chromatin forms visible chromosomes - Nucleolus & nuclear envelope disappear - Each centrosome moves to oppo ends of cell
90
Metaphase
Chromatid pairs line up in middle of cell at the metaphase plate
91
Anaphase
- Chromatids (single-stranded chromosomes) separate and move to opposite ends of cell - Chromosomes appear V-shaped when pulled
92
Telophase
- Chromosomes reform chromatin - Nuclear envelope (membrane) reappears - Mitotic spindle breaks up
93
Cytokinesis
- Division of cytoplasm & organelles - Begins in late anaphase w/ formation of cleavage furrow (indentation of cell membrane) - Ends w/ 2 daughter cel
94
Mitosis (somatic cell division)
- 1 parent cell gives rise to 2 identical daughter cells * Also, mitosis = nuclear division * cytokinesis = cytoplasmic division (begins late anaphase) - occurs in billions of cells each day for tissue repair & growth
95
Meiosis (reproductive cell division)
- egg and sperm cell production | - in testes & ovary only
96
Cancer =
Unregulated growth
97
Benign tumor doesn’t
metastasize (spread)
98
Malignant tumor can
metastasize (spread)
99
Two types of cells
Prokaryotic cells | Eukaryotic cells
100
Prokaryotic cells
single cells
101
Eukaryotic cells
many cells | *Nucleus
102
Proteasome
Destroy unneeded or damaged proteins
103
Synthesis
DNA replication

Bio 120 A&P (5 decks)

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