Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues

Question 1

structural units of all living things

Answer 1

CELLS

Question 2

Who discovered the cell?

Answer 2

ROBERT HOOKE

Question 3

A generalized cell is composed of?

Answer 3

a plasma membrane, a nucleus, and the cytoplasm

Question 4

a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

Answer 4

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Question 5

“sugar-proteins”
determine your blood type

Answer 5

GLYCOPROTEINS

Question 6

fuzzy, sticky, and sugar-rich area

Answer 6

GLYCOCALYX

Question 7

an epithelial cell is shown to adjacent cells

Answer 7

CELL JUNCTIONS

Question 8

are impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leak-proof sheets

Answer 8

TIGHT JUNCTION

Question 9

are anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells. they prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart

Answer 9

DESMOSOMES

Question 10

function mainly to allow communication

Answer 10

GAP JUNCTIONS

Question 11

the neighboring cells are connected by hollow cylinders composed of proteins are called

Answer 11

CONNEXONS

Question 12

“headquarters”, or the control center

Answer 12

NUCLEUS

Question 13

blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body

Answer 13

DNA OR ?

Question 14

the nuclear boundary is a double membrane barrier

Answer 14

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE or NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

Question 15

the two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse, generating openings

Answer 15

NUCLEAR PORES

Question 16

the nuclear membrane encloses a jellylike fluid

Answer 16

NUCLEOPLASM

Question 17

the nucleus contains one or more small, dark-staining, essentially round bodies

Answer 17

NUCLEOLI

Question 18

are sites where cell structures called ribosomes are assembled

Answer 18

NUCLEOLI

Question 19

a loose network of “beads on a string”

Answer 19

CHROMATIN

Question 20

the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

Answer 20

CYTOPLASM

Question 21

semitransparent fluid that suspends the other element

Answer 21

CYTOSOL

Question 22

are specialized cellular compartments that are the metabolic machinery of the cell

Answer 22

ORGANELLES

Question 23

are usually depicted as tiny, beanlike, or sausage-shaped organelles

Answer 23

MITOCHONDRIA

Question 24

inner membrane has shelflike protrusions

Answer 24

CRISTAE

Question 25

are the actual sites of protein synthesis in the cell

Answer 25

RIBOSOMES

Question 26

it severs as a mini circulatory system for the cell because it provides a network of channels for carrying substances (primarily protein) from one part of the cell to another

Answer 26

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Question 27

proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus and other sites

Answer 27

ROUGH ER

Question 28

carry substances around the cell

Answer 28

TRANSPORT

Question 29

functions in lipid metabolism (cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis and breakdown) and detoxification of drugs and pesticle

Answer 29

SMOOTH ER

Question 30

major function is to modify, package, and ship proteins in specific ways, depending on their final destination

Answer 30

GOLGI APPARATUS

Question 31

sacs that travel to the plasma membrane

Answer 31

SECRETORY VESICLES

Question 32

the enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances such as free radicals. the most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Answer 32

PEROXISOMES

Question 33

sites of intracellular digestion. the "stomach" of the cell

Answer 33

LYSOSOMES

Question 34

support the cell and give it shape. involved in intracellular and cellular movements. from centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present

Answer 34

MICROTUBULES

Question 35

involved in muscular contraction and other types of intracellular movement

Answer 35

MICROFILAMENTS

Question 36

resist mechanical forces acting on the cell; help to form desmosomes

Answer 36

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

Question 36

organize a microtubule network during cell division to form the mitotic spindle and asters

Answer 36

CENTRIOLES

Question 36

has an elongated shape, like the cable-like fibers that it secretes

Answer 36

FIBROBLAST

Question 37

this cell carries oxygen in the blood

Answer 37

ERYTHROCYTE (red blood cell)

Question 38

these cells are elongated and filled with abundant contractile microfilaments, so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones, pump blood, or change the size of internal organs to move substances around the body

Answer 38

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells

Question 39

abundant intermediate filaments and desmosomes that resist tearing when the epithelium is rubbed or pulled

Answer 39

EPITHELIAL CELL

Question 40

the huge spherical shape of a fat cell is produced by a large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm

Answer 40

FAT CELL

Question 41

this cell extends long pseudopods ("false feet") to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites

Answer 41

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Question 42

this cell has long pro- cesses (extensions) for receiving messages and transmitting them to other structures in the body

Answer 42

NERVE CELL

Question 43

the largest cell in the body

Answer 43

smallest cell

Question 44

smallest cell

Answer 44

SPERM

Question 45

a solution containing small amounts of gases, nutrients, and salts

Answer 45

INTRACELLULAR FLUID

Question 46

contains thousands of ingredients, including nutrients, regulatory substances

Answer 46

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID or INTERSTITIAL FLUID

Question 47

a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others

Answer 47

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

Question 48

the process by which molecules (and ions) move away from areas where they are less concentrated

Answer 48

DIFFUSION

Question 49

unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane

Answer 49

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

Question 50

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 50

OSMOSIS

Question 51

provides passage for certain needed substances (notable glucose) that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores or charged

Answer 51

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Question 52

the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure

Answer 52

FILTRATION

Question 53

solutions have the same solute and water concentrations as cells do

Answer 53

ISOTONIC

Question 54

a solution that contains more solutes than there are inside the cells

Answer 54

HYPERTONIC

Question 55

a solution contains fewer solutes than the cell does

Answer 55

HYPOTONIC

Question 56

the mechanism that cells use to actively secrete hormones, mucus, and other cell products or to eject certain cellular wastes

Answer 56

EXOCYTOSIS

Question 57

includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extracellular substances by enclosing them in a vesicle

Answer 57

ENDOCYTOSIS

Question 58

a term that means "cell eating"

Answer 58

PHAGOCYTOSIS

Question 59

cell "gulps" droplets of extracellular fluid

Answer 59

PINOCYTOSIS

Question 60

the series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides

Answer 60

CELL LIFE CYCLE

Question 61

the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body

Answer 61

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Question 62

a tissue that connects body parts

Answer 62

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Question 63

highly specialize to contract, or shorten, which generates the force required to produce movement

Answer 63

MUSCLE TISSUE

Question 64

internal communication and control

Answer 64

NERVOUS TISSUE