Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function

Question 1

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 1

The carrier mediated transport down its concentration gradient. Requires no expenditure of metabolic energy.

Question 2

Axoneme

Answer 2

Basis for ciliary movement. Consists of an array of thin protein cylinders.

Question 3

Saturation

Answer 3

As the solute concentration rises, its rate of transport increase but only up to a point.

Question 4

Extracellular Fluid

Answer 4

All body fluids not contained in the cell.

Question 5

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 5

The hydrostatic pressure that is required to halt osmosis from occurring.

Question 6

Simple Diffusion

Answer 6

The net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration.

Question 7

Microvilli

Answer 7

Extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase surface area.

Question 8

Polygonal

Answer 8

Irregularly angular shapes with 4,5 or more sides.

Question 9

Cell Theory

Answer 9

Certain generalizations about cells developed by scientists.

Question 10

Spheroidal

Answer 10

Round to ovular cells.

Question 11

Cytosol

Answer 11

Clear fluid in which the cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are embedded in. Also called intracellular fluid.

Question 12

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 12

Water accumulates on one side of a membrane and become heavy, As is becomes heavier, it exerts a strong force which is hydrostatic pressure. Allows for osmosis to occur.

Question 13

Carriers

Answer 13

Transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, etc. and transfer them to the membrane.

Question 14

Extracellular Face

Answer 14

The side of the membrane which faces outwards, away from the cytoplasm

Question 15

Osmolarity

Answer 15

Osmotic Concentration

Question 16

Autophagy

Answer 16

When the lysosomes digest/dispose of surplus or nonliving organelles and other cell components in order to recycle nutrients for more important needs.

Question 17

Cotransport

Answer 17

When a symport moves two or more solutes through the membrane simultaneously and in the same direction.

Question 18

Nuclear Lamina

Answer 18

A narrow but densely fibrous zone composed of a web of intermediate filaments. Immediately inside the nucleus.

Question 19

Cilia

Answer 19

Hairlike processes about 7-10 um long. Nearly every human cell has a single primary cilium.

Question 20

Reverse Osmosis

Answer 20

Process in which a mechanical pressure is applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure and drives water through a membrane against the gradient.

Question 21

Symport

Answer 21

The kind of carrier that performs cotransport.

Question 22

Microfilaments

Answer 22

About 6nm thick and are made of the protein actin.

Question 23

Hypotonic Solutions

Answer 23

Have a lower concentration of solutes than all other solutions. Absorb water and swell.

Question 24

Primary Active Transport

Answer 24

Moves a substance up its concentration gradient. Uses the energy provided by ATP.

Question 25

Cell-Identity Markers

Answer 25

Acts as identification tag and enables the immune system to tell which cells are foreign and which are domestic.

Question 26

Vesicular Transport

Answer 26

Moves large particles, droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane.

Question 27

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 27

8-10nm thick. Give the cell its shape, resist stress, and form junctions that attach cells to their neighbors.

Question 28

Glycocalyx

Answer 28

A fuzzy coat external to the plasma membrane in all animal cells. Composed of carbohydrates.

Question 29

Stellate

Answer 29

Has multiple pointed processes projecting from the body of the cell.

Question 30

Fusiform

Answer 30

Spindle-shaped; elongated with a thick middle and tapered ends.

Question 31

Cuboidal

Answer 31

Squarish-looking in frontal sections, about equal height and width.

Question 32

Selectively Permeable

Answer 32

Allows some things to pass through and prevents others.

Question 33

Peripheral Proteins

Answer 33

Do not protrude into the phospholipid layer and adhere to either the inner or the outer face of the membrane.

Question 34

Gated Channel

Answer 34

Opens and closes under different circumstances and allow solutes through some times but not others.

Question 35

Discoidal

Answer 35

Disc-shaped.

Question 36

Hypertonic Solutions

Answer 36

Have a higher concentration of solutes than all other solutions. Cell loses water and shrinks.

Question 37

G-Protein

Answer 37

Proteins named for the ATP-like channel chemical guanosine triphosphate.

Question 38

Mechanically Gated

Answer 38

Responds to physical stress on a cell, such as stretch or pressure.

Question 39

Psuedopods

Answer 39

Cytoplasm filled extensions of the cell which vary in shape.

Question 40

Isotonic Solutions

Answer 40

Have an equal concentration of solutes and solvent.

Question 41

Voltage-Gated Channel

Answer 41

Responds to changes in electrical potential across the plasma membrane.

Question 42

Osmosis

Answer 42

The net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane

Question 43

Leak Channel

Answer 43

Always open and allow materials to pass through continually.

Question 44

Fiberous

Answer 44

Long, slender, and thread-like.

Question 45

Flagellum

Answer 45

Whiplike tail only present on sperm.

Question 46

Intracellular Face

Answer 46

The side or a membrane which faces the cytoplasm.

Question 47

Transmembrane Proteins

Answer 47

Pass completely through the phospholipid bilayer. Have hydrophilic regions in contact with water on both sides and hydrophobic regions that pass back and forth through the lipid. Make up 1% of the plasma membrane.

Question 48

Columnar

Answer 48

Distinctly taller rather than wide

Question 49

Squamos

Answer 49

Thin, flat, scaly shapes, often bulge where the nucleus is.

Question 50

Proteasome

Answer 50

Performs protein disposal. Hollow, cylindrical complexes located in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Cells tag undesirable proteins and brings them to the proteasome to destroy.

Question 51

Secondary Active Transport

Answer 51

Requires an energy input but depends on ATP indirectly.

Question 52

Countertransport

Answer 52

When an anti port moves two or more solutes through the membrane simultaneously and in the opposite direction.

Question 53

Cytology

Answer 53

The scientific study of cells

Question 54

Channel Proteins

Answer 54

Passages that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through the membrane.

Question 55

What are the 4 tenants of cell theory?

Answer 55

All living organisms are made of 1 or more cells, cells are the most basic structural and functional unit of life, all activities of an organism stem from the activities of it's constituent cells, and cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 56

Transcytosis

Answer 56

When material is transported across the cell. Captured on one side and released on the other.

Question 57

Filtration

Answer 57

Process in which physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 58

Enzymes

Answer 58

Carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion.

Question 59

Receptors

Answer 59

Usually specific for one particular messenger.

Question 60

Uniport

Answer 60

Kind of carrier that only carry on type of solute.

Question 61

Aquaporins

Answer 61

Specialized channel proteins which allow water to pass through hydrophobic regions. Increase the rate of osmosis when more are present and decreases it by removing them.

Question 62

Tonicity

Answer 62

The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell.

Question 63

Inclusions

Answer 63

Foreign matter or stored cell products.

Question 64

Antiport

Answer 64

The kind of carrier that performs counter transport

Question 65

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Answer 65

A solute binds to a carrier in the plasma membrane which then changes shape and release the solute on the other side.

Question 66

Microtubules

Answer 66

Cylinders made of 13 parallel strand of protofilaments.

Question 67

Cell-Adhesion Molecules

Answer 67

Allow cells to adhere to one another and grow like they need to.

Question 68

Power-Recovery Stroke Cycle

Answer 68

Each cilium bends stiffly forward to produce a power stroke and then once the power stroke is complete it pulls limply back in a recovery stroke in order to return to an upright position.