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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 3- Cellular level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Cellular level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic concepts of the cell theory?

A
  • cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
  • all cells come from the division of preexisting cells
  • cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
  • each cell maintains homeostasis at cellular level
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2
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A
  • watery medium surrounding cells

* called INTERSTITIAL FLUID (ICF), meaning something standing between, in most tissues

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3
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

separates cell contents from extracellular fluid

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • material between cell membrane and nuclear membrane
  • contains 2 subdivisions:
    1. Cytosol 2. Organelles
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5
Q

Nonmembranous organelles

A

*not completely enclosed by membranes
*in direct contact with cytosol
EX: cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes

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6
Q

Membranous organelles

A

*enclosed in a phospholipid membrane
*isolated from cytosol
EX: mitochondria, nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

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7
Q

Microvilli

A

STRUCTURE: membrane extensions containing microfilaments
FUNCTION: increase surface area for absorption
EX: digestive systems

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8
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

STRUCTURE: fine protein filaments or tubes
Centrosome: organizing center containing pair of centrioles
FUNCTION:
*strength and support
*intracellular movement of structures and materials

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9
Q

4 Functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. Physical isolation: Barrier btwn ISF & cytoplasm
  2. Regulation of Exchange w/ the Environment: ions and nutrients enter
  3. Sensitivity to environment: *extracellular fluid composition, chemical signals
  4. Structural support: Anchors cells and tissues
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10
Q

Membrane Lipids: Phospholipid bilayer

A

Barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds

  • provides some control as to what enters or leaves the cell
  • **Hydrophilic heads, ***Hydrophobic tails
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11
Q

Hydrophilic Heads

A

Toward watery environment, both sides

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12
Q

Hydrophobic Fatty-Acid Tails

A

Inside membrane

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13
Q

6 Types of Membrane Proteins

A
  1. Anchoring proteins (stabilizers)
    - attach to inside/outside structures
  2. Recognition proteins (identifiers)
    - label cells as normal or abnormal
  3. Enzymes
    - catalyze reactions
  4. Receptor proteins
    - bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)
  5. Carrier proteins
    - transport specific solutes through membrane
  6. Channels
    - regulate water flow (aquaporins) and solutes through membrane
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14
Q

Glycocalyx

A

“sugar coat”

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15
Q

Integral proteins

A

within the membrane

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16
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane

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17
Q

Organelles

A

structures with specific proteins

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18
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • assist with cell movement and are made of a protein called actin.
  • Actin works with another protein called myosin to produce muscle movements, cell division, and cytoplasmic streaming.
  • keep organelles in place within the cell.
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19
Q

Microtubules

A
  • larger, and help with cell functions such as mitosis and various cell transport functions.
  • Composed of subunits of protein tubulin
  • Stiff and resist bending forces.
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20
Q

Centrioles

A

Control movement of DNA strands during cell division

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21
Q

Cilia

A

Beat rhythmically to move fluids/secretions across the cell.

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

Build polypeptides in protein synthesis
-2 types:
Free rib. in cytoplasm: manufacture proteins for cell
Fixed rib. attached to ER: manufacture proteins for secretion

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23
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  1. Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, tubular cisternae

2. Rough ER: has attached (fixed ribosomes), modification of newly synthesized proteins, export to golgi apparatus

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24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  1. Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, tubular cisternae
    * synthesis of- phospholipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones
    * storage of- glycerides in liver & fat cells, glycogen in skeletal and liver cells
  2. Rough ER: has attached (fixed ribosomes), modification of newly synthesized proteins, export to golgi apparatus
    * polypeptide synthesis on attached ribosomes
    * polypeptide assumes secondary/tertiary structures
    * completed protein may become enzyme/glycoprotein
25
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Products not destined for RER are packaged in these, and deliver products to golgi apparatus

26
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  1. Modifies & packages secretions
    - hormones/enzymes
    - released through exocytosis
  2. Renews or modifies the plasma membrane
  3. Packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in cytoplasm
  4. Produce lysosomes
27
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • breaks down and recycles large organic molecules
    1. may fuse w/ another organelle to activate digestive enzymes
    2. may fuse w/ another vesicle containing fluid/solid extracellular materials
    3. may break down w/ cell injury/death causing autolysis
28
Q

Autolysis

A

self-destruction of damaged cells (enzymes destroy cytoplasm)

29
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • enzyme-containing vesicles
  • break down fatty acids, organic compounds
  • produce hydrogen peroxide
  • replicate by division
30
Q

Mitochondria

A

-produce energy (ATP) for cells through breakdown of carbohydrates (glucose)

31
Q

Cristae

A

numerous folds

32
Q

ADP/ATP

A

energy

33
Q

Nuclear pore

A

allow passageway of small molecules and ions

34
Q

Glycolysis

A

-breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate w/ production of 2 molecules of ATP

35
Q

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)

A
  • series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy
  • provides hydrogen and electrons needed for the electron transport chain.
  • takes places in mitochondria
36
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

-creation of energy through combustion of carbohydrates, amino acids and fats in presence of oxygen

37
Q

Cellular respiration

A

-process by which the chemical energy of “food” molecules (like glucose) is released as carbon dioxide and water and partially captured in the form of ATP.

38
Q

Nucleus

A
  • largest cellular structure
  • control center for cellular operations
  • coded in sequence of nucleotides
  • determines cell structure/function
39
Q

Gene

A

Functional unit of heredity and contains enough nucleotides to code for a protein

40
Q

Histones

A

highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes
**removal of them aid in gene activation

41
Q

Genetic Code

A

sequence of nucleotides

42
Q

Triplet Code

A

A series of 3 base nucleotides on the coding strand of DNA

43
Q

RNA polymerase

A
  • enzyme that binds to promoter

- assembles mRNA strand

44
Q

Transcription

A

“to copy”/”rewrite.” Production of RNA from DNA template. Location: nucleus

45
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

info for synthesizing proteins

-ALWAYS starts with AUG

46
Q

Coding strand

A

the strand with a base sequence directly corresponding to mRNA sequence

47
Q

Template strand

A

sequence of DNA that is copied during synthesis of mRNA

48
Q

Codon

A

Complimentary series of 3 base nucleotides on mRNA strand

49
Q

Anticodon

A

Complimentary series of 3 base nucleotides on a tRNA

50
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Contains triplets (anticodons) that bind to mRNA codons

51
Q

Mutation

A

permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

52
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA

53
Q

Replication Fork, Leading strand, Lagging strand

A

The helicase unzips the double-stranded DNA for replication, making a forked structure. The primase generates short strands of RNA that bind to the single-stranded DNA to initiate DNA synthesis by the DNA polymerase. This enzyme can work only in the 5’ to 3’ direction, so it replicates the leading strand continuously. Lagging-strand replication is discontinuous, with short Okazaki fragments being formed and later linked together.

54
Q

Tumor

A

abnormal mass of tissue which may be solid/fluid-filled

55
Q

Metastasis

A

malignant tumors invade nearby cells, and then the cells near those, and spread.

56
Q

**Malignant tumor

A
  • cancerous tumors, tend to become progressively worse, and can potentially result in death.
  • grow fast and metastasize (spread)
57
Q

Tumor

A

abnormal mass of tissue which may be solid/fluid-filled (not always cancerous)

58
Q

Cancer

A

diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues

Anatomy and physiology (6 decks)

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