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Biology 20 > Chapter 3 Chem 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Chem 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the diatomic molecules that occur naturally

A

(H) (N) (O) (F) (Cl) (I) (Br) (P) which is 4 and (S) which is 8

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2
Q

What is bonding capacity?

A

Binding Capacity is the atoms availability to bond. EX C has 4 bonding electrons therefore it has a bonding capacity of 4

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3
Q

What is the Empirical Formula?

A

It shows the simplest whole number ratio of the compound.
Rarely used for molecular compounds
EX CH20

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4
Q

What is Molecular Formula?

A

Shows the actual number of atoms that are covalently bonded to make up EACH molecule
Often has elements written in a sequence that helps to determine which atoms are bonded to which
EX C2H4O2 or CH3COOH

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5
Q

What is the Lewis Formula?

A

Often called the Lewis Dot Diagram
it uses Lewis symbols to show electron sharing in covalent bonds
Also shows the formation of stable valence octets of electrons in molecules and ions

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6
Q

What is the Structural Formula?

A

Also commonly called a structural diagram

Instead of using dots, it uses lines to demonstrate the covalent bonds

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7
Q

What is the Stereochemical formula?

A

Similar to structural formula but uses different lines to represent a 3D form
Often not used for bigger compounds because it becomes too complex

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8
Q

What is the General Formula?

A

A formula that indicates how many central atoms, bond pairs, and lone pairs there are

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9
Q

What does A mean?

A

central atom

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10
Q

What does X mean?

A

bond pair

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11
Q

What does E mean?

A

lone pair

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12
Q

What is the general formula for linear (2 bond)

A

AX2 ( 1 central atom, 2 bond pairs)

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13
Q

What is the GF for tetrahedral

A

AX4 (1 central atom, 4 bond pairs)

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14
Q

What is the GF for trigonal pyramid

A

AX3E2 (1 central atoms, 3 bond pairs, and one lone pair)

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15
Q

What is the GF for angular

A

AX2E3 (1 central atom, 2 bond pairs, and 3 lone pairs)

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16
Q

What is the GF for trigonal planar

A

AX3 (1 central atom, 3 bond pairs)

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17
Q

What is the GF for angular

A

AX2E2 (1 central atom, 2 bond pairs, and 2 lone pairs)

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18
Q

What is the GF for Linear (1 bond)

A

AXE3 (1 central atoms, 1 bond pair, and 3 lone pairs)

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19
Q

What is the VSEPR theory

A

A theory based on the electrical repulsion and attraction of bonded or unbonded electrons

20
Q

What are the bases of VSEPR

A

Valence Shell Electron Pair repulsion

21
Q

What is determined by the position of the electron pairs

A

The molecular shape

22
Q

What are the types of alignment

A 
Linear 2 (AX2), angular (AX3),  tetrahedrial (AX4),  trigonal Pyramid (AX3E),  Angular (AX2E2),  Trigonal Planar (AX3), 
Linear 1 (AXE3)
23
Q

What are the steps to predicting the shape of a molecule

A

Step 1 Draw the Lewis Formula and electron pairs
Step 2 Count the total number of bonding pairs and lone pairs around central atom
Step 3 refer to table 7 and use the number of pairs of electrons to predict the shape of the molecule

24
Q

Are bonds stronger or weaker if they are single

A

weaker

25
Q

Are bonds stronger or weaker if they are double or triple

A

stronger

26
Q

What is a polar molecule

A

A molecule where electron charge is not evenly distributed

27
Q

what is a non-polar molecule

A

A molecule where electron charge (or charge in general) is evenly distributed

28
Q

When is it for sure polar

A

Diatomic with other atoms (HCl)
Containing (N)
Containing (O)
Containing C with 2 other kind of atoms

29
Q

When is it for sure NOT polar

A

All elements on their own

Containing (C) and only 1 other kind of atoms

30
Q

What is a polar BOND

A

Bond that has the different electronegativity

31
Q

What is a non-polar BOND

A

Bond that has same electronegativity

32
Q

What is a bond Dipole?

A

When the electrons migrate to one end of the electron creating a difference in charge

33
Q

What are the steps to find polarity

A

Step 1: draw a Lewis formula
Step 2: Use the number of electron pairs and VESPR rules to determine the shape around each central atoms
Step 3: Use electronegativities to determine the polarity of each bond
Step 4: add the bond dipole vectors to determine whether the result is zero or non-zero

34
Q

When are polar molecules soluble

A

in other polar substances

35
Q

when are nonpolar substances soluble

A

in other nonpolar substances

36
Q

what is a intermolecular force

A

A force within a molecule to attract other molecules to form a shape

37
Q

what is the dipole-dipole force?

A

An attraction between polar molecules

38
Q

what is the london force?

A

Momentary attractions between molecules even if they aren’t polar

39
Q

How is the strength of the dipole dipole force measured

A

its measured by the polarity

40
Q

How is the strength of the london force measured

A

it is measured by the amount of electrons in the molecule and the distance between the molecules

41
Q

What does the bioling point measure

A

It measures the strength of the bond or intermolecular force

42
Q

What is a isometric molecule?

A

An isometric molecule is the molecule with the same electron numbers and similar shape

43
Q

What is cohesion

A

cohesion is an attraction between molecules

44
Q

what is adhesion

A

adhesion is attraction between opposite molecules

45
Q

what is volatility

A

volatility is the ability to evaporate

46
Q

what is something the all molecules have in common

A

they all attract each other through the london force

47
Q

what does fracture mean

A

fracture is the way solids break

Biology 20 (2 decks)

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