Chapter 3 - Disciplines Of Functional Biomechanics Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
Kinesiology
A
The study of human movement
2
Q
Biomechanics
A
The study of how forced affects the living body
3
Q
What is ground reaction force?
A
An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back on to the body by the ground
4
Q
What does qualitative analysis involve?
A
Qualitative analysis involves applying principles of proper technique and combining them with observation in order to make an educated evaluation.
5
Q
How does quantitative analysis contrast qualitative analysis?
A
Quantitative analysis involves taking physical measurements and making mathematical computations to reach a conclusion this can be seen in certain assessments, such as body composition testing.
6
Q
What is anatomic position?
A
Anatomic position is the standard posture in which the arms of the side the trunk in the palms facing forward.
7
Q
Anterior
A
Toward the front
8
Q
Posterior
A
Toward the back
9
Q
Superior
A
Closest to the head,
(above landmark)
10
Q
Proximal
A
Located closest to the center of the body or landmark
11
Q
Distal
A
Located farthest from the center of the body or landmark
12
Q
Medial
A
Located toward the midline of the body
13
Q
Midline
A
That which is contained within an imaginary line that supports the body into equal halves
14
Q
Lateral
A
When located farthest from the midline
15
Q
Contralateral
A
Opposite side of the body
16
Q
Ipsilateral
A
Body part located on the same side of the body,
(left arm and left leg).
17
Q
Sagittal plane
A
An imaginary plane there by six the body into two equal halves producing a left and right half.
18
Q
Frontal plane
A
an imaginary play that by six the body to Eagle has producing a front and a back half.
19
Q
Transverse plane
A
And imaginary plane that bisects the body into two equal halves, producing a top and a bottom half.
20
Q
Where does sagittal plane rotation happen?
A
Around a medial-lateral axis
21
Q
What is the medial – lateral axis?
A
An imaginary straight line that cuts through the body laterally from side to side.
22
Q
What is the Anterior – posterior axis?
A
A straight line crossing of the body from front to back
pin that is crossing the shoulder joint from front to back
23
Q
What is the longitudinal axis?
A
An imaginary long straight line the cuts that body from top to bottom
24
Q
What type of joint movements happen along sagittal plane and medial lateral axis?
A
- Flexion
- extension
- Hyperextension
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantar flexion
- bicep curl
- Squat
- calf raise
- Running
25
What type of joint movements happened along the frontal plane and anterior – posterior axis?
```
Joint movements:
•Abduction
•Adduction
•Eversion
•Inversion
```
```
Exercises
•Lateral arm raise
• sidestep
• Side lunge
•Side shuffle
```
26
What type of joint movements take place along the transverse plane and longitudinal axis?
```
Joint movements:
•Pronation
•Supination
• internal rotation
•External rotation
•Horizontal adduction
•Horizontal abduction
```
```
Exercises:
• turning door knob
•trunk rotation
•throwing basketball
•swinging a bat
```
27
On the sagittal plane name the body segments reflection occurs in the anterior direction.
* Hip
* Trunk
* Upper extremity
* Neck
* Ankle
28
What is range of motion
The amount of movement produced by one or multiple joints
29
What is flexion?
A bending at a joint with a relative angle between the two adjoining segment decreases
(imagine the I'm going from 180° to 45° during a bicep curl)
30
What's an example of dorsiflexion?
Pointing the two upward
| Anterior tibialis raise
31
Give an example of plantarflexion l.
Extending the toes out words like any calf raise.
32
What is an example of hip flexion?
Bending over
33
What is an example of hip extension?
The opposite of bending over, extending pass a straight line
34
Give an example of the extension
Straightening up the leg
35
Give example of a knee flexion
Hamstring curl
36
Describe trunk spinal extension
Arching your back backwards
37
Describe trunk spinal flexion
Arching your back forward, like when you hunch over
38
Explain shoulder flexion
Performing a front shoulder raise is an example of a shoulder flexion
39
Give an example of a shoulder extension
When standing up with your hands at your side and reaching back behind your hips is an example of shoulder extension.
40
Give an example of an elbow extension
Holding your hand straight out to receive money is an elbow extension.
41
Give an example of an elbow flexion
Elbows bent
Like when Holding an object in front of your face such as reading a book for checking your Instagram is an example of an elbow flexion.
42
What's a cervical flexion?
Neck
Tilting your neck down like when you look at your shoes your shoes
43
What is a cervical extension?
Bending your neck backwards
Looking up into the sky it's an example of cervical extension because the neck is bent backwards in the head is tilted
44
In Which body segments would flexion occur in the posterior direction?
* Neck
* ankle
* toes
45
Extension
Pending a joint where the relative angle between two joining segments increase
46
What are joint actions that occur in the frontal plane?
* Aduction
* abduction
* lateral flexion at the spine
* eversion and inversion of foot
* shoulder elevation and depression
47
Give an example of a foot eversion.
While keeping The foot point forward and Rotating the foot outward
(Imagine trying to see the outside of your shoe)
48
Give an example of a foot inversion.
Toes pointed forward rotating the foot inward
| Tilting your foot so you can look at the arches of your foot, like sitting Indian style
49
Given example of a hip abduction.
Standing up and stepping out to the side
50
Give an example of a hip adduction.
Standing up and crossing your feet
51
Given example of the lateral flexion
Standing up with hands on hips and tilting your head over the left or rightside of your body.
52
Give an example of a shoulder abduction.
Dumbbell lateral raises
53
Give an example of a shoulder adduction.
Chest flies with cables toward the bottom of the chest
Basically anything that pulls your arms toward the sides of your hips
54
Shoulder elevation
Dumbbell shrugs
| Superior movement
55
Shoulder depression
Dropping your shoulders down for the dumbbell shrug
| Inferior movement
56
Abduction
A body segment is moving away from the midline of the body
57
Adduction
A body segment is moving toward the midline of the body
58
Internal rotation
Rotation of a limb or body segment toward the midline of the body
59
External rotation
Rotation of a limb or body segment away from the midline of the body
60
Where do movements in the transverse plane occur?
Parallel to the plane or rotate around the longitudinal axis
61
What type of movements occurred in the transverse plane of motion?
```
Pronation and supination
•external and internal rotation
•horizontal abduction (extension)
horizontal abduction (flexion)
• scapular retraction
scapular protraction
•
```
62
Flexor
Muscle that produces flexion of a limb
Bicep curl
63
Extensor
Muscles that produce extension
Tricep ext.
64
Abductors
A muscle that produces abduction
65
Adductor
Muscle that produces adduction of a limb
66
Pro actors
Muscles that produce pronation
67
Supinators
Muscles that produce supination of a limb
68
Prone
Laying face down
69
Supine
Lying on back
70
Triple flexion
Multi joint exercise that causes flexion at:
* ankle
* knee
* hip
71
Triple extension
Opposite of flexion
Causes extension of the
•knee
•ankle
•hip
72
Static posture
Starting point from which an individual moves
73
Multi planar
Occurring in more than one plane of motion
74
How do you make a multi joint exercise into a multi planor exercise?
Add rotation
75
Table 3.3
What plane of motion is a lateral lunge?
Frontal plane
Sagittal plane
Transverse plane
Multi planar
Frontal plane
Remember a plane is 2 dimensional
76
Reverse lunge occurs on what plane?
Sagittal plane
| The motion stays consistent on the sagittal plane
77
What criteria determines an exercises name?
* plane of motion
* body position
* type of resistance training modality used
* joint action
* primary muscle targeted
78
Table 3.4
Body positions
```
Supine
Prone
Quadruped (quadruped leg raise)
Kneeling
Standing
Single leg
Staggered stance
2 arm
Alternating arm
Single arm
```
79
Table 3.5
| Resistance modality exercise also
```
Modality:
Stability ball (wall ball)
Machine ( leg press)
Machine pad (single leg balance on pad)
Balance disk ( single leg lifts)
Suspension (Suspension push ups)
Cable ( cable rows)
Tubing or band ( tube walk)
Barbell ( barbell squat)
Dumbbell ( 2 arm press)
* uses the name of modality*
```
80
Table 3.6
| What type of joint action is a squat?
Joint action
| Medicine ball squats (flexion)
81
Joint action exercises
(Abduction ) prone ISO and w/ hip abduction
(Adduction) standing adductor stretch
(Rotation) single leg hip rotation
82
What are the 3 major types of muscle activations?
Concentric - shortening
Eccentric - (negative) lengthening
Isometric - (static) hold,
83
What is Active force ?
Muscle generated tension
84
Isometric activation
active force but no lengthening/ shortening of the muscle
85
Eccentric Activation
Active force + muscle lengthening
86
Concentric activation
Active force + muscle shortening
87
Isolated function
Refers to a muscle primary function
Intended movement
Action at a joint when a muscle is concentrically activated to produce acceleration of a body segment
88
Eccentric function
Action of a muscle when it is generating an eccentric contraction
Decelerates action and reduces speed
89
Integrated function
The coordination of muscles to produce reduce and stabilize force in multiple planes
90
Kinetics
Biomechanics term that involves the study of forces
91
Force
A push or pull that can create a change in movement or they stop of movement
F= Ma
92
Mass
The amount of matter in an object
93
Acceleration
The rate at which an object is increasing in speed
94
weight
The amount of force the gravity has on the body
95
Gravity
A force that accelerates an object or mass downward towards the center of the earth
96
Lever
I love her is a relatively Richard rod that rotates around the fulcrum
97
Torque
The rotary or rotation of the fact that force has around an axis
98
Tempo
The amount of time that muscle is actively producing tension during exercise movements
99
Repetition tempo
The speed at which each repetition is performed
100
Tempo notation
3 digits
4:2:1
4: eccentric
2: pause
1: concentric
101
Line of pull
The direction in which a muscle is pulled
102
Parallel muscle
Muscle fibers that are oriented parallel to the muscles longitudinal axis
103
Pennate muscle
Muscle fibers that are oriented at an angle to the muscles longitudinal axis
104
Origin
Stationary attachment site were skeletal muscle attaches and begins
105
Insertion
The relatively mobile attachment site
106
Tendons
Connective tissue's that attaches muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
107
Aponeurosis
A white tendoinious sheet that attaches muscle to bone
108
Extensor
A muscle that extends
109
Flexor
A muscle that flexes
110
Levator
Muscle that elevates
111
Depressor
Muscle that lowers/depresses
112
Abductor
Muscle that pulls bone away from midline
113
Adductor
Muscle that pulls bone toward midline
114
Pronator
Muscle that pronates; downward rotation of the palm
115
Supinator
Muscle that separates; upward rotation of the palm
116
Oblique
Diagonal; internal oblique
117
Rect-
Straight; parallel (rectus abdominis)
118
Transverse
Perpendicular; across
| Transversus abdominis
119
Muscle belly
The middle region in between the origin and insertion
120
Abdominis
Abdomen (rectus abdominis)
121
Brachi-
Upper arm;
biceps brachii; brachialis
122
Digiti
Finger or toe (singular)
| Extensor digiti minimi
123
Femoris
Over the femur; thigh region
Bicep femoris
124
Gluteus
Butt
Glutes
Gluteus Maximus
125
Intercoastal
Between ribs (external intercoastal)
126
Lumborum
Lower back
| Quadratic lumborum
127
Pectoralis
Chest
128
Peroneus
Fibula
| Peroneous longus
129
Scapulae
On top the scapula or shoulder
| Levator scapulae
130
Superficialis
Superficial
| flexor digiti run superficialis
131
Supra
Above
| Supraspinatus
132
Infra
Inferior
| infrastructure spinatus
133
Maximus
Large
| gluteus maximus
134
Medius
Medium; intermediate
| Gluteus medius
135
Minimus
Small (gluteus minimus)
136
Brevis
Short
| Fibularis breviary
137
Longus
Long
| fibularis longus
138
Vastus
Huge
| vastus lateralis
139
Latissimus
Widest; very broad (
| latissimus dorsi)
140
Major
Large (pectoralis major)
141
Minor
Small (pectoralis minor)
142
Magnus
Large; adductor Magnus
143
Gastrocnemius
Large belly of the leg
144
Deltoid
Triangular
145
Gracilis
Slender
146
Obicularis
Circular
147
Serratus
Jagged
148
Rhomboid
Diamond shaped
149
Teres
Cylindrical
150
Trapezius
Trapezoidal; middle trapezius
151
Malalignment
The incorrect or in proper alignment of the joints in the body without movement
152
Over active
Referring to a state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead a muscle to be more active during a joint action
153
Underactive
Referring to the state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead a muscle to be relatively less active during a joint action
154
Extrinsic
Located from outside yet act on a stretcher being considered
155
Intrinsic
Located from within and acting directly on a structure being considered
156
Common overactive muscles
* soleus
* lateral gastrocnemius
* peroneus longus and brevis (peroneals)
157
Comment under active muscles
* Medial Gastrocnemius
* anterior tibialis
* posterior tibialis
158
Common over active muscles of the knee
* Bicep femoris ( short head)
| * Tensor fascia latae (TFL)
159
Comment under active muscles of the knee
Vastus medialis oblique (VMO)
Inner thighs
160
Common overactive muscles of the LPHC
Hip flexors
Adductors
Abdominals
Erector spinae
161
Comment under active muscles of the LHPC (hip area)
```
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus medius
Hamstrings
Intrinsic core stabilizers
Erector spinae
```
162
Intrinsic core stabilizers
Deep in your muscles behind the superficial abdominals that have a direct effect on stabilizing the Limbo pelvic hip complex
163
Common overactive muscles of the shoulder
Latissimus dorsi
| Pectoralis major/minor
164
Common under active muscles of the shoulder
Middle and lower trapezius
Rhomboids
Rotator cuff
165
Retraction
Adduction of the shoulder blades where the shoulder blades move toward the spine
166
What for muscles are in the rotator cuff
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
167
Common overactive muscles of the head and neck
Upper traps
Sternocleidomastoid
Lavatory scapulae
168
Common underactive muscles of the head and neck
Deep cervical flexors
169
Shoulder impingement
In the space between the bone on top of the shoulder acromion and attendance of the rotator cuff rub against each other during arm elevation
170
Pronation of the foot
A combination of dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction.
171
Supination of the foot
A combination of plantar flexion, inversion and adduction.
172
What does the anterior tibialis concentrically accelerate?
Dorsiflexion; inversion
173
What does the anterior tibialis eccentrically accelerate?
Plantar flexion and eversion
174
What does the posterior tibialis concentrically accelerate?
Plantar flexion; inversion
175
Posterior tibialis eccentrically accelerates...
...Doris flexion; eversion
176
The soleus concentrically accelerates...
...plantar flexion
177
What's does the Soleus eccentrically decelerate?
Dorsiflexion
178
What does the gastrocnemius concentrically accelerate?
Plantar flexion
179
Gastrocnemius eccentrically decelerates...
...dorsiflexion
180
The peroneus longus concentrically accelerates
...plantar flexion; eversion
181
The peroneus longus eccentrically decelerates...
Dorsiflexion; inversion
182
Flexibility
Extensibility of soft tissue which allows a joint to be moved through its full range of motion
183
Corrective exercise
Corrective strategy to correct neuromuscular dysfunction as part of an exercise program
184
Neuromuscular efficiency
When "agonist, antagonist and stabilizers" work together in all 3 planes of motion
185
Relative flexibility
Human movement in re path of least resistance during movement
