Chapter 3- Disorders of Sodium and Water Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Osmoregulation
- what is sensed
- sensors
- effectors
- what is affected
A
- plasma osmolality
- hypothalams- osmoreceptors
- vasopressin, thirst
- water excretion, thirst
2
Q
Volume regulation
- what is sensed
- sensors
- effectors
- what is affected
A
- ECV (effective circulating volume)
- high pressure receptors (carotid sinus, aortic arch), low pressure receptors (atria, large pulmonary vessels), glomerular arteriole
- RAAS, SNS, ANP, ADH
- Urine sodium excretion
3
Q
Osmolarity refers to _____?
Osmolality refers to _____?
A
Osmolarity refers to the number of particles of solute per 1 liter of solution.
Osmolality refers to the number of particles of solute per 1 kg of solution.
4
Q
Normal plasma osmolality of dogs and cats?
A
Dog: 290-310 mOsm/kg
Cat: 290-330 mOsm/kg
5
Q
Equation of calculated plasma osmolality
A
2Na + BUN/2.8 + Glu/18 (mg/dL)
6
Q
Causes of abnormal osmolal gap (>10 mOsm/kg)
A
- unmeasured solute (mannitol, ethylene glycol)
- hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia results in pseudohyponatremia
- mannitol
- methanol
- ethylene glycol
- sorbitol
- polyethylene glycol (IV lorazepam)
- propylene glycol (IV lorazepam, diazepam and phenytoin)
- glycine (TURP syndrome)
- maltose (IV IG – Intragram)
7
Q
Specific gravity depends on 2 things
A
- number of particles present in the solution
2. molecular weight
8
Q
Equation of Tonicity (= effective osmolality)
A
Posm - BUN/2.8
9
Q
Explain solute diuresis versus water diuresis (cause, difference between plasma osmolality and urine osmolality)
A
Solute osmolality
- increased urine flow by excessive amount of non-reabsorbed solute within renal tubule (diabetes, mannitol)
- urine osmolality approaches plasma osmolality
Water diuresis
- increased urine flow caused by decreased reabsorption of solute free water in collecting duct (PU secondary with psychogenic polydipsia or diabetes insipidus)
- urine osmolality is less than plasma osmolality
10
Q
What determines hypo- iso- hyperethenuria?
A
plasma osmolality
11
Q
Explain 3 classifications of dehyration (i.e. loss of ___tonic fluid, __ dehydration)
A
- loss of hypotonic fluid or pure water / hypertonic dehydration
- loss of iso-osmolar fluid / isotonic dehydration
- loss of hypertonic fluid / hypotonic dehydration
12
Q
Explain causes of each hyponatremia and hypernatremia
A
Hyponatremia
- patient is unable to excrete ingested water
- urinary and insensible losses have a combined osmolality greater than that of ingested or parenterally administered fluid
Hypernatremia
- water intake has been inadequate
- the lost fluid is hypotonic to ECF
- excessive amount of sodium has been ingested or administered parenterally.
13
Q
Approximately __% of filtered load of sodium is reabsorbed isosmotically with water in the ______.
A
67%, proximal tubule
14
Q
In early proximal tubule, sodium crosses the luminal membrane by _____ with _____, ____, and ____ and in exchange of H+ ions via the _____ (during the latter phase HCO3- is reabsorbed)
In the last proximal tubule, sodium is reabsorbed primarily with ___.
A
Cotransport, glucose, amino acid, phosphate
luminal Na+-H+ antiporter
Cl-
15
Q
Approximately __% of filtered load of sodium is reabsorbed in the _________, primarily in the ___ ascending limb.
In the thin ascending limb, Na and Cl are ___ly absorbed.
In the thick ascending limb, Na acrosses the luminal membrane via the Na-H+ anti-porter and by and ________ co-transporter. This cotrasporter is the site of action of the _________.
A
Loop of Henle, thick ascending limb
passively absorbed in thin ascending limb
Na-K-2Cl cotransporter
Loop diuretics
16
Q
Approximately __% of filtered load of sodium is reabsorbed in the _____ and _____. In the early distal tubule (up to connecting segment), sodium crosses the luminal membrane by means of an _______. This cotrasporter is inhibited by ________.
A
5%, distal convoluted tubule and collecting segment.
Na-Cl cotransporter, inhibited by thiazide diuretics.
17
Q
Approximately __% of filtered load of sodium is reabsorbed in collecting duct. In the late distal tubule and collecting ducts, sodium enters passively through Na+ channels in the luminal membrane of ______. The Na+ channel in the principal cell is blocked by the ______. One of the main effect of _______ is to increase the number of open luminal Na+ channels in the cortical collecting duct, thus altering sodium reabsorption in response to changes in __________.
A
3% principal cells potassium sparing diuretics aldosterone dietary sodium intake
18
Q
________ maintains ___ and ___ relatively constant despite fluctuation in systemic arterial pressure, thus, the filtered load of sodium is also kept relatively constant.
A
autoregulation, renal blood flow, GFR
19
Q
If spontaneous (primary) fluctuation of GFR occur, the absolute tubular reabsorption of filtered solute changes in a similar direction. Thus, ______ that is reabsorbed remains relatively constant despite spontaneous changes in GFR. This principle is called ______________.
A
fraction of filtered load
glumerulotubular balance
20
Q
3 mechanisms of glumerulotubular balance.
A
- “increased filtered load of other solutes”
spontaneous increase in GFR increase the filtered load of all of these solutes, and their increased concentration in proximal tubule enhances sodium reabsorption. - “efferent arterioles favoring water and solute reabsorption”
changes in peritubular capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. If GFR spontaneously increases without changes in FPR, the blood leaving the efferent arterioles has lower hydrostatic pressure and higher oncotic pressure, thus favoring water and solute reabsroption in the proximal tubules. - “autoregulation”
when renal perfusion pressure is increased, afferent arteriolar constriction prevents transmission of the increased hydrdostatic pressure to the glomerular capillaries and minimizes any increase in GFR and filtered solute load.
21
Q
T/F: Glomerulotubular balance is evoked by the spontaneous (primary) increase, not the compensatory increase in GFR.
A
True
22
Q
Aldosterone is synthesized in the ____ of the adrenal ____.
A
Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
23
Q
Release of aldosterone is stimulated by _____.
Release of aldosterone is inhibited by ______.
A
Stimulated by
AG2, hyperkalemia, ACTH
Inhibited by
dopamine, ANP
24
Q
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the ____ and ____ of open ___ channels in luminal membrane of the _____ in the _______.
A
number and activity of open sodium channel in luminal membrane of the principal cells in the collecting duct
25
[Peritubular capillary forces]
Increased sodium intake leads to expansion of ECF volume and compensatory increase in both ___ and ___. (i.e. the filteration fraction remains _____). This increases hydrostatic pressure and decreases oncotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries thus reducing sodium and water reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
Decreased sodium intake leads to volume contraction. In this setting, RPF decreases more than GFR. (i.e. filteration fraction ____). This results in decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased oncotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries and enhanced proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium and water.
Increased sodium intake: both RBF and GFF increases, FF remains unchanged.
Decrease sodium intake: RPF decrease morethan GFR (thus FF increases)
26
Catecholamine-induced vasoconstriction usually affects the ____ more than the ____ arterioles. The resultant ____ filter fraction alters peritubular capillary hemodynamics so as to favor water and sodium reabsroption. Catecholamine also directly stimulate proximal tubular sodium reabsorption through an __ adrenergic effect & stimulate ___ release from the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus through a ___ adrenergic effect. This direct effect of catecholamine on proximal tubular sodium reabsorption are important because they offset the tendency of the increase in ______ to cause ______.
efferent more than afferent, increased filter fraction.
alpha1- proximal tubular sodium reabsorption
beta1- renin release from JXA
offset the increase in systemic arterial pressure to causre pressure natriuresis.
27
Angiotensin 2
1. angiotensin 2 induced vasoconstriction causes ____ more than ____ arterioles, result in increase in _____ and changes in ______ that facilitate proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium and water.
2. AG2 also directly stimulates the ________ in the proximal tubules which facilitate sodium reabsorption.
3. AG2 stimulates secretion of ______ from the adrenal gland.
1. efferent more than afferent, increase in FF and changes in peritubulra capillary starling force
2. Na-H antiporter
3. aldosterone
28
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
ANP is released in response to _____ caused by ______. ANP causes dilation of _____ and constriction of ______ to ______ GFR.
ANP also inhibits ____, _____, and ____.
atrial distention caused by volume expansion.
ANP dilate afferent and constrict efferent to increase GFR.
Renin, AG2, aldosterone.
29
Vasopressin is synthesized in _____ and is released at the level of _____.
hypothalamus, neurohypophysis
30
Vasopressin attaches to _______ on the basolateral membrane of principal cells of the cortical and medullary collecting ducts.
Vasopressin attaches to___ located in vascular smooth muscle and cause ______.
Vasopressin binds ___ in hypothalamus where AVP binding leads to increased secretion of _______.
V2: collecting duct
V1a: vascular smooth muscle
V1b: hypothalamus, increase secretion of corticotropin
31
Vasopressin _____ the reabsorption of water in the _____ of the kindeys, and _____ the permeability of ____ to urea.
increase, collecting duct
| increase, collecting duct
32
Major stimulus for vasopressin release is ______ of plasma reaching the _______ of the hypothalamus.
The next most important stimulus for vasopressin release is _______ sensed by _____ in the left atriu, aortic sinus, and carotid sinuses.
Nonosmotic stimulation of vasopressin by actual or perceived volume depletion plays a major role in the generation and perpetuation of hyponatremia in states of _______ and in some conditions (____, ____, ____) associated with hypervolemia.
hypertonicity, osmoreceptor
volume contraction sensed by baroreceptors
true volume depletion
heart failure, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome
33
Three conditions must be met for kidneys to excrete a water load normally.
1. adequate delivery of tubular fluid to distal diluting sites (ascending limb of Henle's loop) where NaCl is removed without water, rendering the tubular fluid hyoptonic to the medullary interstitium.
2. ascending limb of Henle's loop must function normally. NaCl must be removed without water.
3. in the absence of vasopressin, the collecting duct must remain impearmeable to water throughout their course.
34
Defense against hypotonicity
1. "Fluid out of brain by CSF"
Increase in hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial compartment of the brain immediately forces sodium-containing ECF into CSF. this movement of fluid out of the brain.
2. "Potassium out"
First 24 hours, movement of potassium out of cells.
3. " Organic solute out"
After 24-48 hours, reduction in the cellular content of organic solutes.
35
If correction of hyponatremia proceeds more quickly than recovery of lost solutes can occur, a devastating complication of treatment called "___________" may occur.
ODS (osmotic demyelination syndrome: myelinolysis)
36
True/False: hypernatremia is less common than hyponatrmiea.
True (intense thirst normally protects against development of hypernatremia unless water is not available or a neurological disorder is present)
37
Causes of hypernatremia
1. pure water loss (diabetes insipidus, primary hypodipsia e.g. miniature schnauzer, fever, high environmental temperature, inadequate access to water).
2. hypotonic fluid loss
1) GI
2) third space loss
3) skin (burn)
4) renal
- osmotic diuresis (DM, mannitol)
- chemical diuresis
- CKD
- nonoliguric renal failure
- postobstructive diuresis
3. Impermeant solute gain
1) hypertonic fluid (sodium bicarbonate, HTS, parenteral nutrition)
2) salt poisoning
3) hyperaldosteronism
4) hyperadrenocorticism
38
Explain body's response to hypertonic saline in 1) normal animal, 2) dogs with hypodipsic hypernatremia
Normal animal
HTS increase osmolality and plasma expansion- osmoreceptor is stimulated by tonicity, but inhibited by volume expansion. But body takes care of tonicity than volume, so will secrete ADH, result in decreased urine volume and increased urine osmolality.
Affected animal with hypodipsic hypernatremia
in response to HTS, they show increased urine volume and decreased urine osmolality, indicating defective osmoreceptor function.
39
What are the conditions associated with hypodipsic hypernatrmia in dogs?
GME, hydrocephalus and hypopituitarism, dysplasia or rostal diencephalon
40
What are the common 2 breeds associated with abnormal thirst mechanism- hypodipais-hypernatremia-hypertonicity?
Miniature Schnauzer
| Great Dane
41
CDI is caused by ____ or complete lack of ____ production and release from the _______.
partial, vasopressin, neurohypophysis
42
Traumatic transient may be ___ in nature. _______ for treatment of hyperadrenocorticism result in transient CDI that may take several weeks to resolve. Marked hypernatremia occurs in dogs in the first 24 hours after hypophysectomy and can be prevented by prophylactic treatment with ______.
Transient, hypophysectomy
| DDAVP (desmopressin)
43
Many older dogs with CDI had ____ in the region of _____ and developed neurological signs.
tumor, pituitary gland
44
Administration of vasopressin lead to an increase in urine osmolality or specific gravity in dogs and cats with CDI, but the initial response may be less than expected because of _______________.
Renal medullary washout of solute.
45
DDAVP is a structural analogue of vasopressin that has a more potent _____ effect than vasopressin but a minimal _____ effect and is relatively resistant to metabolic degradation.
more potent anti-diuretic
| less potent vasopressive
46
What are the options for treatment of CDI
1. DDAVP
2. Thiazide
3. Restrict dietary sodium and protein
47
True/False: hypotonic losses cause a greater reduction in the ECF volume and the animal is more likely to show CS of volume depletion.
True, when hypotonic fluid is lost from the extracellular compartment, the osmotic stimulus for water to move from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment is less than the stimulus for water movement created by pure water loss. More closely the fluid lost approximates ECF in tonicity, the greater the volume loss from the ICF compartment.
48
_____ fluid losses are the most common type in small animal medicine.
hypotonic fluid loss
49
Paintball (polyehylene glycol, glycerol, and sorbitol) develop hypernatremia, why?
These ingredient are osmotic laxative, causing a shift in water from the tissues into the lumen of the bowel and resulting in hypernatremia.
50
Depending on the duration of onset, _____ (acute onset) or ____ (unknown onset) can be administered to gradually correct hypernatremia.
D5W for acute onset, 0.45% NaCl for unknown onset.
51
True/False: The severity of clinical sign is related more to the rapidity of onset of hypernatremia than to the magnitude of hypernatremia.
True
52
Onset of CS from hypernatremia is observed when serum sodium concentration is above ____ mEq/L in dogs and cats
170
53
CS of hypernatremia: if hypotonic losses are the cause of hypernatremia, CS of ______ may be observed. If gain of sodium causes hypernatremia, CS of _____ may be observed.
Hypotonic loss: volume depletion
| Solute gain: overload
54
What is the first priority in treatment of hypernatremia?
Restore ECF to normal
55
Pure water deficit can be replaced by _____. This solution technically is _____ to plasma, but the glucose ultimately enter cells and metabolized so is is equivalent to administration of water.
D5W, slighly hyposmotic to plasma (278 mOsm/kg)
56
Correction of serum Na concentration at a rate less than ________s minimize the risk of ______.
10-12 mEq/L per 24 hours
| Cerebral edema
57
Treatment of hypernatremia due to hypotonic loss: original replacement fluid should be ____ so that ECFV repletion can proceed rapidly. A volume up to ___ times the suspected intravascular deficit may be required because ______. After the ECFV has been expanded, ______ can be administered to provide fluid for maintenance needs and ongoing losses.
Isotonic
4 times
ECF volume is 4 times IV volume.
Hypotonic fluid (0.45% NaCl or half-strengh LRS)
58
Treatment of hypernatremia due to solute gain
If animal can tolerate with normal cardiac/renal function, ___. If an animal with underlying cardiac disease or oliguria related to primary renal disease, this may lead to the development of _____.
D5W, pulmonary edema
59
Clinical approach to hyponatremia: first step in the approach to the patient is to determine _________________ is present.
hypoosmolality of the ECF
Normal Posm: check lipid/sodium for pseudohyponatremia
Low Posm: evaluation of volume status
High Posm: hyperglycemia, mannitol infusion
60
Hyponatremia with increase Posm: water moves from ICF to ECF, and the osmolality of both compartment _____. If the added solute is other than sodium, the serum sodium concentration is ___ but the plasma osmolality is ________.
Increases, decreased, increased.
61
Hyperglycemia, wherein ____ increase in glucose may decrease the sodium concentration by ___.
100 mg/dL, 1.6 mEq/L
62
Administration of mannitol- unmeasured osmol (hyponatremia, hyperosmolality): calculated osmolality is ____ but the measured osmolality is ____, and the osmolal gap is _____.
normal, high, increased.
63
True/False: Hyperglycemia does not affect the osmolal gap because the plasma glucose concentration is part of equation used to calculate plasma osmolality
True, glucose is measured osmol.
64
Answer why hypotonic losses lead to hyponatremia
Body's tendency to preserve volume at the expense of tonicity.
1. "Impaired excretion of water"
volume depletion decreases GFR, enhance isosmotic reabsorption of sodium and water, decrease delivery of tubular fluid to distal diluting site.
2. "vasopressin"
volume depletion is a strong nonosmotic stimulus of ADH and the increased plasma vasorpessin further impairs water excretion.
65
Renal fluid and NaCl losses resulting in hyponatremia are usually caused by ________ and _______.
hypoadrenocorticism
| diuretics
66
Explain mechanism of hypotonic loss hyponatremia for typical and atypical addison's disease.
typical addison: lack of mineralocorticoid result in urinary loss of NaCl and depletion of ECFV. Volume depletion stimulate vasopressin release and impair water excretion.
atypical addison: glucocorticoid is necessary for complete suppression of ADH release, and in their absence impaired water excretion and hyponatremia can occur.
67
Explain mechanism of hypotonic loss hyponatremia from third spacing
1. removal of sodium-rich fluid by paracentesis
2. nonosmotic stimluuus of vasopressin by volume depletion
3. decreased renal excretion of potassium caused by volume depletion and decreased distal renal tubular flow.
68
Explain mechanism of hypotonic loss hyponatremia from diuretics
1. decreased distal delivery of tubular fluid
2. nonosmotic stimulation of ADH release
3. potassium depletion caused by diuretics (because shifting of intracellular potassium into extracellular space requires in exchange for sodium)
69
3 clinical conditions associated with hypervolemic hyponatremia (hyponatremia occur despite the presence of increased total body sodium and expansion of the ECF compartment in patients with ascites or edema)
1. CHF
2. chronic liver failure
3. nephrotic syndrome
There is a perception of decreased ECFV by the body, and the regulatory mechanisms invoked result in volume expansion: "decreased EFCV or decreased effective arterial blood volume"
70
3 major mechanisms of hypervolemic hyponatremia (sodium retention and impaired water excretion)
1. Activated RAAS by reduced renal perfusion and causes increased sodium retention by kidneys
2. Decrease in effective arterial blood volume result in normosmotic stimulation of vasopressin release
3. primary intrarenal mechanism for sodium retention
71
Explain mechanisms of hypervolemic hyponatremia in CHF
1. decreased CO sensed by baroreceptors (carotid and aortic sinus), result in nonosmotic release of vasopressin.
2. chronic LA distention, sensitivity of baroreceptors is blunted, relative lack of vasopressin suppression (that would expected in acute distention)
3. Increased sympathetic activity
4. Activation of RAAS
72
Explain mechanisms of hypervolemic hyponatremia in Liver failure
1. arteriovenous shunting
2. splanchnic venous pooling
3. ascites caused by portal hypertension
All 3 leads to decreased ECFV result in
1. nonosmotic stimulation of vasopressin release
2. activation of RAAS
73
____ and _____ occurs if hyponatremia develops faster than the brain's defense mechanisms.
cerebral edema and water intoxication
74
Hyponatremia: correction of serum Na at rates up to _____.
12 mEq/L/day
75
Because of inexperience with the management of acute hypernatremia in dogs and cats, and the known risk of overly rapid correction of hyponatremia, only use of _______ is recommended.
conventional crystalloid solution (LRS, 0.9% NaCl)
76
Experimental studies have confirmed that ODS is a result of ________ in serum sodium concentration and is NOT a consequence of ______ and ______.
result of rapid and large increase in sodium, not from hyponatremia and hypoosmolality
77
Neural lesions of myelinolysis develop _______ after correction of hyponatremia
several days
78
It is recommended that dogs with _________ be treated by mild water restriction and monitoring of serum Na. _______ with chronic hyponatremia should be treated with correction rate ____________.
asymptomatic- mild water restriction
symptomatic- 0.5 mEq/L/hr, 10-12 mEq/L/day
79
True/Fast: Volume expansion with isotonic crystalloid itself tends to correct the hyponatremia.
True, volume repletion ins hypovolemic patients aboslish the nonosmotic stimulus for ADH release and allos the animal to excrete solute-free water via the kidneys.
80
The concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution is known as?
Osmolality
81
T/F: Osmolality is related to MW, size, shape and charge.
False
82
The number of particles of solute per liter of solution is known as?
Osmolarity
83
The number of particles per kilogram of solvent is known as
Osmolality
84
What is the normal plasma osmolality of dogs?
290-310
85
What is the normal plasma osmolality of cats?
290-330
86
What is the equation for calculating plasma osmolality?
2Na + BUN/ 2.8 + BG/18
87
The measured osmolality should not exceed the calculated osmolality by more than what?
10mOsm/kg
88
Refers to the ratio of the weight of a volume of liquid to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water.
Specific gravity
89
The ability of a solution to initiate water movement and dependent on the presence of impermeant solutes in the solution is known as?
Tonicity
90
What equation can estimate tonicity?
Plasma osmolality - BUN/2.8
91
This is when urine flow is greater than normal.
Diuresis
92
This is increase urine flow caused by decreased reabsorption of solute free water in the collecting ducts.
Water diuresis
93
T/F: During water diuresis, plasma osmolality is less than urine osmolality.
False
94
What percent of filtered Na is reabsorbed with water in the PCT?
67%
95
What percent of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle?
25%
96
What part of the Loop of Henle are the Na-K-2Cl cotransporters located?
Thick ascending limb
97
What percent of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?
5%
98
What percent of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed by the collecting ducts?
3%
99
What is one of the main effects of aldosterone in the cortical collecting duct?
Increase the number of open luminal Na+ channels to alter Na+ reabsorption in response to dietary Na+ intake
100
What term refers to the relative fullness of the circulating portion of the extracellular compartment as perceived by the body?
Effective circulating volume
101
What are the two points of control for Na+ balance in the kidney?
Glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption
102
This is a term for when spontaneous fluctuations o fGFR occur and absolute tubular reabsorption of filtered solutes changes in a similar direction.
Glomerulotubular balance
103
Where is aldosterone synthesized?
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
104
What stimulates the production and release of aldosterone (3)?
Angiotensin II
Hyperkalemia
ACTH
105
What inhibits the release of aldosterone (2)?
Atrial naturitic peptide (ANP)
| Dopamine
106
What three places do catecholamines affect the kidney?
Efferent arterioles and proximal tubule and granular cells of the JGA
107
Where is atrial naturitic peptide synthesized and stored?
Atrial myocytes
108
Where does atrial naturitic peptide work once released?
Afferent arterioles, leading to an increase in GFR
Also inhibits Na+ reabsorption in the collecting ducts
Also inhibits renin recretion and aldosterone secretion
109
T/F: The mechanism for pressure natriuresis is entirely intrarenal and does not require neurol or endocrine input.
True
110
What is the effect of vasopressin on the medullary collecting duct?
Increases insertion of aquaporin 2 water channels in the luminal membrane of principal cells
111
What is the major stimulus for vasopressin release?
Hypertonicity of plasma reaching the osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus
112
The threshold for vasopressin release in humans that corresponds with what plasma osmolality?
280mOsm/kg
113
What three things must be met for the kidney to excrete a water load normally?
1. There must be adequate delivery of the tubular fluid to the distal diluting sites.
2. The ascending LoH must function normally.
3. The collecting ducts must remain impermeable to water throughout their course (in the absence of vasopressin)
114
T/F: An increase in brain water greater than 10% is incompatible with life.
True
115
During the first 24 hours of hypotonicity, movement of what electrolyte out of cells contributes to the protection of the brain from an acute decrease in plasma osmolality?
Potassium
116
What organic solutes contribute to the brain's defense against hypotonicity after 24-48 hours?
amino acids (taurine, glutamate, glutamine), methylamines (phosphocreatine), polyols (myoinositol)
117
For dogs and cats with central diabetes insipidus: is a big increase in USG expected for initial response? Why?
The initial response may be less than expected because of renal medullary washout of solute (one study in dogs: 1.018 to 1.022)
118
Above what natremia do dogs and cats show clinical signs of hypernatremia?
When the serum sodium concentration exceeds 170 mEq/L.
119
Calculate the water deficit for a 10 kg dog with a sodium concentration of 170 mEq/L.
Water deficit en L = 0.6 x Current BW x [ (Current natremia / Normal natremia) - 1]
= 0.6 x 10 x [(170/145) - 1 ] = 1.03 L to be corrected slowly over 48h (less than 0.5 mEq/L/hr)
WRONG EQUATION IN DIBARTOLA - did not put the 0.6 coefficient - which corresponds to total body water
120
A dog presented for PU/PD noted by the owner. You decided to measure a random specific urine gravity. What number of USG should be noted to start an initial diagnostic evaluation?
A random USG is less than 1.025 to 1.030 should be measured to suspect true PU/PD.
If a random USG is greater than 1.030 to 1.035, you should obtain additional history to rule out other disorders such as urinary incontinence and dysuria.
121
What are the causes that should be considered in a dog having polydipsia without polyuria?
1. high temperature (increased insensible water losses)
2. regular prolonged exercise
3. water consumption to replace a previous dehydration
4. third-space distribution of consumed water
122
When is the water deprivation test indicated?
It is usually performed in animals with hyposthenuria (USG <1.007) that are suspected to have CDI, NDI or psychogenic polydipsia.
123
the water deprivation test?
Maximal stimulation of ADH release is
present after loss of 5% of body weight. The test is
concluded when the patient either demonstrates adequate concentrating ability or becomes dehydrated as evidenced by loss of 5% or more of its original body
weight.
When dehydration is evident, normal dogs develop a USG of 1.050 to 1.076, urine osmolality of 1787 to 2791
mOsm/kg, and a urine/plasma osmolality ratio of 5.7
to 8.9.67 Normal cats developed USG values of 1.047
to 1.087 and urine osmolalities of 1581 to 2984
mOsm/kg after water deprivation of sufficient duration
(approximately 40 hours) to induce 5% loss of body
weight.
124
Osmolality and blood volume are two stimuli for vasopressin release. What are some others?
Pain, nausea, and anxiety.
125
T/F During acute hyponatremia water moves into the brain?
True
126
What is the ACUTE response (within minutes) of the brain from hypoNa (before osmolytes have formed)?
Forcing Na into the CSF and moves K extracellularly. This immediate response protects the brain from acute decrease in plasma osmolality.
127
A patient has hypotonic water loss. From what fluid compartment is the water lost?
All fluid compartments (intra- and extra cellular)
128
A patient is hyperosmolar and hypervolemic after an overdose of hypertonic saline. What does the vasopressin do? (increase or decrease)?
It responds to the osmolality and increase -> increased aquaporins -> water retention
129
What part of the hypophysis is vasopressin released from?
Neurohypophysis = posterior part.
130
T/F Traumatic CDI can be transit
True
131
How can thiazide be useful in patients with CDI or NDI?
They induce a mild dehydration which stimulates proximal renal tubular reabsorption -> decreased fluid delivered to the collecting ducts.
132
Why might the initial response be less than expected in CDI when treating with DDAVP?
Due to medullary washout
133
How is chlorpropamide useful in patients with CDI?
Chlorpropamide increase the amount of ADH receptors in nephron
134
What does glucocorticoids, Ecoli, hyperCa, and hypoK have in common/
They all can cause NDI by inhibiting ADHs effect in the nephron
