Chapter 3 (E1)

Question 1

The study of how drugs move through the body and are metabolized.

Answer 1

What is pharmacokinetics?

Question 2

What does ADME stand for?

Answer 2

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination

Question 3

List the 6 main elements present in the body.

Answer 3

H, O, N, C, P, Ca

Question 4

Water makes up 60% of the body’s content. What percentages do lipids, proteins, and bones (+ electrolytes, trace metals, etc.) make up?

Answer 4

Lipids - 15%
Proteins - 15%
Bones and other - 10%

Question 5

Rank the body’s level of organization from low to high, starting with cells and ending with organ systems.

Answer 5

1) Cells
2) Tissues
3) Organs
4) Organ systems

Question 6

Basic unit of a biological system.

Answer 6

What is a cell?

Question 7

Similar cells that act together to perform function.

Answer 7

What is a tissue?

Question 8

What are the 4 types of tissues and their functions?

Answer 8

1) Connective - join tissues
2) Epithelial - protective layer
3) Muscle - motion
4) Nervous - communication

Question 9

Multiple tissue types that work together.

Answer 9

What is an organ?

Question 10

List the 5 vital organs.

Answer 10

Heart
Brain
Lungs
Liver
Kidneys

Question 11

Cooperation of functionally related organs.

Answer 11

What is an organ system?

Question 12

Drugs find targets at the cellular level. Why is this so important?

Answer 12

Changes at the cellular level impact many tissues and even organs

Question 13

What is the goal of absorption?

Answer 13

Getting the drug into the bloodstream

Question 14

The fraction of the drug that enters the bloodstream via a specific route.

Answer 14

What is bioavailability (F)?

Question 15

This route of delivery involves the GI tract.

Answer 15

What is enteral?

Question 16

This route of delivery involves absorption via non-digestive routes, such as IV, IM, or SubQ.

Answer 16

What is parenteral?

Question 17

This route of delivery involves direct application on site of action (e.g., auricular, conjunctival, or cutaneous).

Answer 17

What is topical?

Question 18

Drug concentration in the plasma of the blood. This is a density unit.

Answer 18

What is C(p)?

Question 19

Area of C(p) of drug between minimum and maximum concentration to be effective.

Answer 19

What is the therapeutic window?

Question 20

In oral administration, each sequential dose adds to the last but stays within the therapeutic window.

Answer 20

What is accumulation?

Question 21

What are 3 benefits of oral drugs?

Answer 21

Easy (to take), cheap, designed for extended release

Question 22

What are 3 problems with taking oral drugs?

Answer 22

1st pass metabolism
Enzymatic degradation
Longer absorption process

Question 23

When are drugs typically used by injection?

Answer 23

Life-threatening situations

Question 24

What does “bolus” refer to?

Answer 24

A single dose given all at once

Question 25

What does "infusion" refer to?

Answer 25

The drip

Question 26

What is the difference between IV bolus and IM bolus?

Answer 26

IV - dose goes to heart IM - dose settles in depot

Question 27

What does SC or SubQ refer to?

Answer 27

Under skin

Question 28

{ }% of blood is plasma while { }% is cells.

Answer 28

54% 46%

Question 29

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Answer 29

Serum is merely plasma minus the clotting factor

Question 30

Drugs tests look for affinity for...

Answer 30

Binding

Question 31

This blood protein binds acidic drugs.

Answer 31

What is albumin?

Question 32

This blood protein binds basic drugs.

Answer 32

What is glycoprotein?

Question 33

Is cis or trans-conformation preferred by the body?

Answer 33

Cis

Question 34

What charge must a drug hold to cross the cell membrane?

Answer 34

None, it must be neutral

Question 35

How do drugs handle proton transfers when they're in the interstitial fluid or bilayer?

Answer 35

Drugs are designed with weakly acidic and basic sites

Question 36

List Lipinsky's Rule of 5 (NOTE: there are actually 4; 5 just refers to the multiples of 5).

Answer 36

MW

Question 37

What type of drug transport does Lipinsky's Rules apply to? Passive diffusion or carrier proteins?

Answer 37

Passive diffusion

Question 38

What is the purpose of carrier proteins?

Answer 38

To act as catalysts to help drugs too polar to cross membrane

Question 39

What are the 2 types of carrier proteins and their characteristics?

Answer 39

1) Equilibrative - passive (no energy); relies on [ ] or charge gradient 2) Concentrative - active; relies on energy from ATP

Question 40

Why is carrier protein transport utilized to some degree despite being used less than passive diffusion?

Answer 40

Some drugs mimic molecules in the body (e.g., amino acids, nucleosides, and small polypeptides)

Question 41

The special protective measure of capillaries in the brain, which protects against bacterial infections and excludes over 99% of large molecules and 98% of small molecules.

Answer 41

What is the blood-brain barrier?

Question 42

How do Lipinsky's Rules change with the BBB?

Answer 42

MW

Question 43

What do the number of HBAs and HBDs make up in Lipinsky's Rules?

Answer 43

Polar surface area

Question 44

What are metabolism and elimination, and what organs are associated with them?

Answer 44

Metabolism - chemical mods of drugs; liver Elimination - removal of drugs from body; kidneys+