Chapter 3 Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 1558-88 Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
What were the changing influences on education ?
A
- Humanists argued for the importance of education meaning educational opportunities gradually improved during Elizabeth’s reign.
- Protestants argued that people ought to be able to study the scriptures. This required people to be able to read, boosting literacy.
- The growth of the printing press meant books became less expensive, giving people more opportunities to read.
2
Q
What were Parish schools ?
A
Set up locally by the Church and run by the clergy. Taught basic literacy to the children of yeoman farmers and craftsmen.
3
Q
What age range were Parish schools for ?
A
up to age 10
4
Q
What did the Elizabeth education consist of ?
A
- Petty schools
- Private tutors
- Grammar schools
- Parish schools
- Universities
5
Q
What were Petty schools?
A
Run privately from people’s homes. Attended by children of the gentry, merchants, yeoman farmers and craftsmen
6
Q
What were grammar schools ?
A
They were schools that provided an education independently of the Church and charged fees, although scholarships were available for poorer families.
7
Q
Who attended grammar schools ?
A
Attended by the children of the gentry, merchants, yeoman farmers and craftsmen.
8
Q
Who were grammar schools for?
A
Boys
9
Q
Who were private tutors typically for?
A
Delivered education privately to members of the nobility, who often finished their education in the household of another noble family.
10
Q
What education did girls receive ?
A
Many girls received no formal education at all as it was felt that they would not need it. Girls from better off families attended Dame Schools run by wealthy women in their homes. Wealthy girls had private tutors.
11
Q
What were the changes in education in 1558-88?
A
- New grammar schools : this meant children were now educated independently of the Church.
Scholarships allowed people from poorer backgrounds to receive an education. - Literacy improved ( especially in the towns ) : This was the combined result of the printing press, parish schools and the need to read the scriptures.
12
Q
What age range were grammar schools for?
A
for boys aged 10 to 14
13
Q
How were universities in Elizabethan England ?
A
In Elizabethan England there were two universities Oxford and Cambridge. There you studied geometry, music, astronomy, philosophy, logic and rhetoric (persuasive speaking used in law), medicine, law and divinity. The highest possible university qualification was the doctorate
14
Q
What age range were universities for?
A
ages 14 to 15 onwards
15
Q
What did the nobility do during their leisure/pastime?
A
- Hunting
- Fishing
- Real Tennis
- Bowls
- Fencing
16
Q
What was hunting ? For women or men?
A
Took place on horseback with hounds or with birds (hawking).
Involved men and women.
17
Q
What was fishing ? For women or men?
A
ITS FISHING BRO :0 , Done by men and women.
18
Q
What was real tennis ? For women or men?
A
Played indoors (men only). A cross between modern tennis and squash that was increasingly popular.
19
Q
What was bowls? For women or men?
A
Similar to the modern game (men only).
20
Q
What was fencing ? For women or men?
A
Undertaken with blunted swords (men only).
21
Q
What was football ? For women or men?
A
Men only. The aim was to get the ball into the other side’s goal, although the rules varied. No limit on the numbers involved or the size of the pitch. Could be very violent - men were often killed during matches
22
Q
What was wrestling ? For women or men?
A
Men of all classes took part in public wrestling matches with people gambling on the outcome.
23
Q
What did farmers, craftsmen and the lower class do during their leisure/pastime?
A
- Football
- Wrestling
24
Q
What were the spectator sports in Elizabeth England?
A
- Baiting
- Cock-fighting
25
What was Baiting ?
A spectator sport that involved watching animals fight to the death. Typically, dogs were encouraged to attack chained bears and bulls, and bets were made on the outcomes of fights.
26
What was cock-fighting ?
A spectator sport were cockerels attacked each other using metal spurs and their beaks. In many small towns,
special arenas were built for cock-fighting. Money was bet on the outcomes of these fights.
27
Name two features of literature in Elizabethan England ?
- A lot of new literature was written during Elizabeth's reign, although medieval literature, such as Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, remained popular.
28
Theatres of theatres ?
- Mystery Plays, popular with many Catholics, were replaced with new non-religious (secular) plays. These were shown in purpose-built theatres, such as the Red Lion and the Rose.
- Comedies, performed by teams of professional players funded by wealthy noblemen, were very popular. Sponsors included the queen and the Earl of Leicester, and their performers were known as Queen's Men and Leicester's Men,
- All social classes attended the theatre, so purpose-built theatres had to be built to accommodate growing audiences.
29
Name two features of music in Elizabethan England ?
- Many Elizabethans played instruments, including lutes (similar to guitars), spinets and harpsichords (similar to pianos).
- Musical performances were popular.
- Musicians were paid to play at official functions or public events.
- Music was also played at fairs and markets, or on public occasions. Wealthy families employed their own musicians (always men) to play during meals and feasts.
- Music was also written to accompany plays performed in public theatres.
30
Features of dancing ?
- Dancing remained a popular pastime, as it brought together men and women, although the upper and lower classes did not dance together.
31
What type of people were poor ? Why?
- Widows or women abandoned by their husbands and their families, as women were paid very little.
- The sick and the elderly who were incapable of work.
- People on low wages.
- Itinerants, vagrants and vagabonds
32
What were the reasons for poverty in Elizabethan England ?
-Bad harvets
- Decrease in cloth tarde ( was hte main export, due to no longer trading with spian led to decline indemand and therfore unemployemnt due to it being a large industry )
- Sheep farming
- Enclosure
- Increasing demand for land.
33
Explain how bad harvests led to poverty in England ?
Harvests were particularly bad in the 1590s leading to even higher demand and more rising prices.
34
How did sheep farming lead to poverty ?
- The growth of the wool trade meant that many farmers preferred to near sheep, rather than grow food.
- Additionally, it required less labour than arable farming ( A sheep did not need much looking after other than at lambing and shearing times )
35
explain how enclosure led to poverty ?
- Land was divided into fields ( replaced open fields with individual ones )
- This denied people use of common land (land that could be used by everyone), which meant they were unable to provide for their families
- It led to tenant farmers being evicted and also normal labourers became unemployed
- Less food was made since it was done for sheep farming
36
Explain how population growth and increased demand for land led to poverty ?
- As the population increased by 35%, there was a higher demand fro goods
- Therefore higher demand for food leading to an increase in prices
- many couldn't afford this
37
Why did the attitudes towards the poor change during Elizabethan times ?
- Many feared vagrancy ( they committed crimes and begged for money to survive )
- Many traded the deserving poor more sympathetically
- Many treated the able-bodied poor more harshly
38
Who were the deserving/impotent poor ?
the deserving or impotent poor (the old and the sick) who could not help themselves
39
who were the idle and undeserving poor ?
(those who could work but chose not to do so).
40
What did the government do in response to the problem of poverty ?
- There was a fear of vagrancy ( begged for money and committed crimes to survive ) and a lot of social unrest as a result
- the government began to take notice for this and view unemployment as a large issue
- They passed many laws in order to tackle this problem
41
What was the poor rate? What did it do?
- A nationwide poorrate system was fored were tax organised by Justices of the Peace (JPs) was deon, deliberatly aiming to support the poor.
- Those who refused to pay were sent to jail
- The able-bodied poor were given money and materiasl to make and sell objects in order to make a living.
42
What was the Statute of Artificers ? What did it do?
- Those refusing to pay the poor rates could be put in prison. Officials who failed to organise poor relief could pay a penalty of up to £20.
43
When was the Statute of Artificers established ?
1563
44
What was the poor relief Act?
An Act that demanded JPs were required to provide the poor with wool and raw materials, to enable them to make and sell things. The poor who refused to do so were sent to a special prison known as the house of correction.
45
When was the Poor relief Act established ?
1576
46
What was the Vagabonds Act ? What did it do ?
According the act Vagrants were:
- whipped and a hole drilled through each ear as a mark of shame, to warn others of their vagrancy
- imprisoned if arrested again for vagrancy
- given the death penalty for a third offence.
The Act also introduced a national poor rate, to provide support, including money and work, for the impotent poor.
Justices of the Peace had to keep a register of the poor.
Those in authority (JPs, parish councils, etc.) were tasked with finding work for the able bodied poor
47
When was the Vagabonds Act established ?
1572
48
How did the attitudes towards the poor change due to government action ?
Became better , people weren’t so terrified of the poor and they views them less negatively
49
What were the reasons of expiration during Elizabethan age ?
- Expanding trade
- Adventure
- New technology
- The development of standardised map
- Improvements in ship design
- Private investment
50
Explain how expanding trade contributed to people wanting to explore more ?
- Trade was expanding rapidly
- Conflicts with Spain and the Netherlands badly impacted trade in England
- England heavily relied on the cloth trade, they had to find a new market/ products to sell
- Voyages were therefore funded with hopes of finding great reward s and riches in America
51
explain HOW SHIP DESINGS ENCORUAGED EXPLORATION
- Ship designs improved making longer journeys possible
- Galleons were larger, enabling more supplies to be taken
52
Explain how navigation contributed to wanting to explore ?
- It become a lot more precise when calculating ship position
- This enabled to make navigation more simple and accurate
53
What was the triangular trade, how did it work ?
- The trader and explorer John Hawkins discovered that iron goods and guns could be sold in West Africa to buy slaves, which could be sold in the New World in exchange for rum, spices and tobacco, which would then be sold in Europe.
- Other merchants and traders across England copied this lucrative triangular trade
54
Why did Francis Drake circumnavigate the globe ?
- He was attacking Spain
- Revenge
- Profit
55
Explain Francis drake circumnavigating the globe since he was attacking Spain ?
- His main purpose was to raid Spanish colonies in the Pacific, as relations with Spain were declining at this time
56
Explain Francis drake circumnavigating the globe for revenge ?
The Spanish had attacked Drake's fleet at St Juan de Ulúa and most of his men had been killed ( 325)
57
Explain Francis drake circumnavigating the globe for profit ?
- Trade meant there were huge profits to be made from Drake's proposed journey to the Americas and beyond
- Encouraged investor to invest into his voyage ( Elizabeth )
58
When did Francis Drake circumnavigate the globe ?
Between 1577-80
59
Why was Francis Drake's circumnavigation of the globe significant ?
- Anglo-Spanish relations declined as a result of drake attacking Spanish colonies and Elizabeth knighting him showing how she encouraged these actions.
- Since he was the second person to circumnavigate the globe and the first English man he boosted the reputation of England's navy fleet
- Drake's expedition had resulted in
Nova Albion, an area near San Francisco, being claimed as English territory with Elizabeth as its queen. This encouraged further trade and exploration, especially to the New World, where colonies were established in New England.
60
Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?
A noblemen and a courtier, he became an explorer during Elizabeth's reign.
61
What were Sir Walter Raleigh's reasons for wanting to colonise Virginia ?
- Trade
- England would be less dependent on Spain, France and Italy for imported goods if it could produce them in Virginia.
- Welcoming and friendly natives, including two Algonquian Indians who travelled back to England, encouraged the English to go there.
- Raleigh was able to persuade investors
- Colonising Virginia would provide a base to attack Spanish settlements and colonies.
- A successful colony in Virginia would make it easier to fund other ventures, opening up the New World to English settlement
62
explain how trade contributed to Raleigh wanting to colonise Virginia ?
- Explorers and colonists would be able to barter ironware, woollen cloth and hunting knives in return for animal skins, gold and other commodities that could be sold at a profit.
- The colony could also produce crops, sugar cane and tobacco that could be brought back to .
63
Explain how Raleigh being able o persuade investor contributed to wanting to colonise Virgina ?
Raleigh was able to persuade investors that the trip would be profitable. People, including members of the nobility and the gentry, were prepared to invest in the expedition
64
Explain how providing a base to attack Spanish settlements contributed to Raleigh wanting to colonise Virgina ?
- Colonising Virginia would provide a base to attack Spanish settlements and colonies.
- This would provide considerable loot. It would also demonstrate to the Indian tribes that the English were a better alternative to the Spanish as rulers.
65
Who went to colonise Virginia ?
Raleigh did not lead the expedition, but a party of 107 colonists, almost all men, did set out for Roanoke, Virginia in 1585. The group, led by Richard Grenville, was mostly made up of soldiers and sailors, although there were some craftsmen, landowners, merchants and farmers.
66
What did the colonists going to colonise Virginia take with them ?
- Food, and salt for preserving it - for the voyage and afterwards.
- Fresh water - for the voyage.
- Tools and equipment, including ploughs and seeds - to farm and build forts and homes.
- Weapons to protect themselves from attack.
67
What reasons led the colonisation of Virginia to fail ?
- Lack of food
- Poor leadership
- Lack of skills and experience
- Native American attack
- The war with Spain
68
How did poor leadership lead to the failure of the colonisation of Virginia ?
- Only 107 colonists
- Only men
- Only a limited variety of occupations ( soldiers , landowners, mathematicians, craftsmen, not enough farmers )
- Half were soldiers
69
How did the type of colonists effect the failure of the colonisation ?
- They didn't co-operate effectively
- There were too many artisans who didn't have the right equipment ( raw materials ) and not enough farmers
- Soldiers did not have the skills to farm a farm
- merchants didn't want to do any physical labour and work
70
How did the timing of their departure lead to the colonisation failing ?
- There colonists ;eft England t late to plant crops
- This prevented them having a good harvest and therefore didn't have enough food to get them through the winter
71
How did supplies lead to the colonisation failing ?
- They had enough food to get there as well as fresh water
- however they didn't have enough raw materials
- they had seeds however when the tiger became damaged, thus ruined their food supply as wells their seeds so they couldn't be planted
72
How did the Native American attack lead the colonisation of Virginia to fail ?
Description:
- In 1586, angered by constant demands for food handouts from the settlers and the diseases they had brought, Algonquian Chief Wingina led an attack on the colonists. Wingina was supported by chiefs of other tribes.
- At some point in the period
1587-1590, a second colony was abandoned.
It’s impact :
Wingina's attack was beaten off but led to a crisis within the first expedition, forcing the colonists to abandon Roanoke.
It is possible a second expedition was wiped out by an Indian attack led by Chief Powhatan.
Alternatively, an attack may have led to some of the settlers becoming slaves or being assimilated into local Indian tribes.I’m
73
What was the significance of the attempted colonisation of Virginia ?
- The colony was a failure but it did serve as a template for future settlements, including
that at Jamestown in 1607.
- By the end of the 17th century, 13 colonies, each with their own system of government, had been established along the eastern seaboard of the New World,
74
How did expanding trade contribute to the reasons for exploitation during the Elizabethan age?
- Trade was expanding quickly in the New World
- English merchants needed new trading opportunities, as war with Spain and in the Netherlands had severely damaged the wool and cloth trades
- It was vital to find new markets and new products to sell.
75
How did adventure contribute to the reasons for exploration during the Elizabethan age?
- Some young Elizabethan men, such as Francis Drake, undertook voyages of discovery and exploration
- The published accounts of these voyages, though often inaccurate, persuaded others to venture into the unknown in the belief that treasure and riches could be found and fortunes made.
76
How did the development of standardised maps contribute to the reasons for exploration during the Elizabethan age?
The development of standardised maps, such as the Mercator Map of 1569, gave sailors and traders greater confidence that they were going in the right direction, reducing risk and encouraging further voyages.
77
How did improvements and ship design contribute to the reasons for exploration during the Elizabethan age?
- Ships or galleons had bigger sails, were faster and more manoeuvrable, as well as possessing greater firepower to protect themselves from attack by pirates,
- They also were more stable and could take on more supplies, encouraging longer voyages and exploration.
78
How did adventure contribute to the reasons for exploration during the Elizabethan age?
- Some young Elizabethan men, such as Francis Drake, undertook voyages of discovery and exploration
- The published accounts of these voyages, though often inaccurate, persuaded others to venture into the unknown in the belief that treasure and riches could be found and fortunes made.
79
How did private investment contribute to the reasons for exploration during the Elizabethan age?
- Private investors, including
Elizabeth I and her courtiers, funded many of the voyages of discovery.
- Although it was risky, the
rewards could be enormous
- This increased the incomes of both the Crown and the nobility.
80
Why was Sir Walter Raleigh significant ?
Raleigh did not lead the colonists, but he was significant because he raised funds for the project and persuaded people to leave England and settle in Virginia.
81
What was the education of an average middle class boy?
- Petty school 4-5 to 7-8
- Grammar school 7-8 until 13-14
- University apprenticeship
82
What was the education of an average middle class girl ?
- Dame schools
83
What was the average education of a noble boy ?
- Private tutors until early teens
- Noble household until mid teens
- University
84
What was the education of an average noble girl ?
- Private tutor until early teens
- Noble household until mid teens
85
What are Dame schools??
Schools for girls wear girls would learn to:
- Read and write in English
- Arithmetic
Additionally, punishment was harsh
They were run by local educated woman, game schools provided basic education for girls
86
What word is a middle-class girl do if she didn’t go to a dame school ?
They were usually educated at home by their mothers and prepared for marriage life and running a household
87
What was the punishment and discipline like for lower class Boys and girls had no formal education?
- mischievous behaviour was reported to a teacher
- Punishments, which were given :
/ exclusion
/ being kept at break
/ expulsion
/ caning
/ monitoring
88
Why did the government pass laws to help the problem of poverty?
This was due to the fear of vagrancy and social unrest. Additionally, unemployment was being recognised as a problem they needed to be tackled.
89
Why was the vagabonds act a huge, turning point?
Turning point since establish a national portrait for the first time, it also recognised unemployment as a real problem, because it gave town is the responsibility of providing worked the able-bodied, rather than simply punishing them for the circumstances.
