Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Chapter 3 Embryogenesis and Development > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Embryogenesis and Development Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Fertilization

A
  1. on day 14 of menstral cycle an egg is ovulaated rom the follicle and rest in the ampulla where it meets a sperm
  2. The sperm binds to the egg and releasees acrosomal enzyme that allow it to penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucidaa.
  3. It forms the acrosomal apparatus that penetrates the meembrane and allows the pronucleus to enter the egg
    4.After penetration teh cortical reaction occurs
  4. The nulcues of sperm ad egg join and the zygote is formed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cleavage

A

Clevage: procces of rapid mitotic cell divisonn
1. cleavage occcurs as zygote travels to uterus for implantaion (no longer zygote after first clevage becomes embryo)
2. Total size of embryo does not change, increase in nuber of cells

  • Cells increase in Nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
    and **Surface:Volume ** (increased SA ffor gas exchange)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blastulation

A

formation of the blastula
embryo becomes a morula and undergoes bslatulation wich froms the Blastula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Implantation

A

Blastula implants into the endometrium in the uterus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Zygote

A

unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ampulla

A

The part of the fallopion tubve where fertilization ooccurs

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

acrosomal enzymes

A

enablethe head of the sperm to penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida

released by the sperm after binding to the egg

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acrosomal apparatus

A

tube like structure that penetrates the egg cell mebrane allowing the pronucles to be released from the egg

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

corticol reaction

A

release of calcium after penetration of the cell membrane
1. deoplarizes the egg membrane so other sperm cannot bind
2. Ca2+increase metabolic rate of zygote

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fertalization Membrane

A

The impentrable and depolrized membrane

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

fertilization of two differnt eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

monozygotic Twins

A

single zygote splits
Classfied by teh muber of structures shared ex: monochronic/monoaminiotic
depednns onn the stage of sepertaion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

singl

Intermediate Cleavage

A

cells can still develop into complete organisms
* identical twin comr from intermediatly cleaved cells of the same embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Determine Cleavage

A

committed to differntation into a type of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

morula

A

solid mass of cells that resultfrom division of the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Blastula

A

hallow ball of cellls filled with blastoceol(fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Blastocyst

A

mamalian blastula
Two cell groups: trophoblast and inner cell mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

inner cell mass

A

gives rise to the organissim itsefl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

trophoblast cells

A

Createe the interface between the embryo and the maternal blood supply

suuround the blastoceol and give rise to the chorion and later the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chorion

A

extraemryonic membrane that develops into the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chorionic villi

A

microscope fingers that tpenetrate the endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

umbilical cord

A

connects the embryo to the placenta
* two arteries (deocygentaed blood and waste)
* vein(carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from placenta to embryo)
Formed from the remnants of the yolk sac and the allontosi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

yolk sac

A

supports embryo until placenta is fully formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

allantosis

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Amnion
26
Gastrulation
Occurs after implantation It its the generation of three distinct cell layes Gastrulation is an early developmental process in which an embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells, a blastula, and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure called the gastrula.
27
archenteron
the invagination in the blastocoel dedvelops into the gut
28
Blastopore
the opening of the archenteron
29
# Blastopore deuterostome
Blastopore devlops into anus
30
# Blastopore protostomes
Blastopore devlops into mouth
31
ectoderm
32
mesoderm
33
endoderm
epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tract. Pancreus, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary tract
34
Mesoderm
* middle layer * muscoskeltal system, circulatory, exttroctry sytem gonads, muscular and connective tissues of teh digestive/respiratory sytems** adrenal cortex
35
ectoderm
outermost layer * inumgentary sytem eye lens nervous system inner ear ***adrenal medulla***
36
induction
ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of nearby cells * inducers diffuse from organzing cells to responsive cells
37
neurlation
106
38
Cell specialization
1. specfication 2. determination 3. differentation
39
specfication
reverisble designation of cell type
40
determination
commitment to a future function * During clevage: assymetrical distribution of mRNA and proetins * Due to morphogens from nearby cells
41
differnetation
carrying out the spealized function
42
stem cells
cells that **have not yet differntiated **that give rise to other cells that will differntiate
43
Types of stem cells
1. totipotent: can differntiate intop any cell type 2. pluripotent: when the totipotent cells differntiate into the three germ layers. can diffeenikate into any celltype except placenta 3. multipotent: diffentiate into multiple types of cells, ex: hematopiotic stem cells (diffentiate into the differntg blood cells)
44
responder
cell that is induced mujst be competent ( able to respond to signal)
45
Signal types
* Autocrine: acton same cell * Paracrine: act on local area * juxtacrine: ajacent cells directly stimulating each other (not involve diffusion) * endocrine: systemic
46
Inudcers
often growth factors promote differnation and mitolsi in surrounding cells
47
reciprocal development
48
Cell migration
cells must be able to diconnect from adjacengt structires and migrate to thier correct location
49
neural crest
116
50
Cell death
apoptsois: apoptoopic blebs -> apoptopic bodies
51
Regenerative capacity
the ability of an organism to regrow pats of the body Complete regneration: tissue is replaced with identical. tissue incomplete: tissue is replaced with non identical tissue
52
Human Regenerative capacity
typically incolomplete regenrattion but varies by tissue type * Liver: high * heart: litttle * Kidney: modertate can repair nephrons but capacity can be easily ovherwelmed rsulting in kindeyh failure
53
Senescene
118
54
Placenta
1. site for nutrinet,gas, and watse exchange ensure that maternal and fetal blood dont mix 2.immunity: crossing of antibodies 3.endogrince organ: produces progetserone, estroogen and humun chorionic gonadtropin (hCG)
55
Fetal hemoglobin
has agreater affinity for oxygen, assists with the transfer and retention of oxygen into the fetus
56
Pathogens that can cross placenta barrier by diffusion
TORCHES * Toxoplasma gondii * rubella * cytomegalovirus * Herpes and HIV * Syphilis
57
Umbilical Arteries
carry blood away from the fetus toward the placentga | carries deoxygenated blood unlike other veins
58
Umbilical Vein
carry blood to the fetus from the placenta | carries oxygenated blood unlike other veins
59
Fetal lung and liver
* do not serve signifacnt functions before birth: Gas exhange occurs in the placenta, metabolism occurs in the mothers liver. * underveloped and sestive to the postnatal high bloood pressure so fetus make three shunts to actively direct blood away from the lungs and liver
60
Foramen ovale
connects right atrium to the left atrium
61
ductus arteriosus
62
ductus venosus
63
Gestation
the process or period of developing inside the womb between conception and birth.
64
First Trimester
* major organs begin to develop during the first weeks * the heart beats at 22 days * eyes, gonads, limbs, and liver start to forms * skeleton begins to harden into bone by week 7 *by week 8: most of the organs are fodrmedk, brain is fairly developed, embryo becomes fetus 9cm long
65
Second Trimester
* fetus moves * face looks human * phlanges elongate * 30-36cm
66
Third Trimester
* further brain dvelopment * anntibod transfer meaxmizes * growth rate slows * fetus is less acttive (less space)
67
Birth
1. cervix thins and amniotic sac ruptures 2. uterine contraction results in birth 3. afterbirth: placenta and umbilical cord come out Partutions is coordinated by prostaglandins. and oxytocin

Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions