Chapter 3:Evidence -Base Nutrition & Practice

Question 1

1. Which statement best describes science?

It is the use of evidence to construct explanations and predictions of natural phenomena.

It is the process of collecting data that confirms a hypothesis while discarding data that refutes it.

It is the collection of ideas that are not subject to falsification.

It is the use of anecdotes to explain observations.

Answer 1

It is the use of evidence to construct explanations and predictions of natural phenomena.

Question 2

2. Which term refers to a proposed explanation for a set of observations?

Hypothesis

Theory

Prediction

Randomized controlled trial

Answer 2

Hypothesis

Question 3

3.Which term refers to a hypothesis or set of hypotheses for which a large body of high quality evidence has been accumulated?

Theory

Randomized controlled trial

Scientific method

Prediction

Answer 3

Theory

Question 4

4. Which of the following represents the lowest level of evidence?

Randomized controlled trials

Non-peer reviewed media

Observational research

Peer reviewed editorials and expert opinion

Answer 4

Non-peer reviewed media

Question 5

5. Which term refers to the ability to get similar results when something is measured under the same conditions?

Test-retest reliability

Generalizability

Validity

External validity

Answer 5

Test-retest reliability

Question 6

6. Which of the following is an example of descriptive research?

Survey

Meta-analysis

Cohort study

Randomized controlled trial

Answer 6

Survey

Question 7

7.The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) involves collecting health-related information via telephone interview across the United States. Which term best describes this research?

Cohort study

Survey

Case study

Case-control study

Answer 7

Survey

Question 8

8. Which term describes the phenomena when a group does not represent the population a scientist is intending to study?

Selection bias

Generalizability

Uncontrolled variable

Recall bias

Answer 8

Selection bias

Question 9

9. Which of the following represents a critical evaluation of a study by other scientists?

Narrative review

Scientific method

Systematic review

Peer review

Answer 9

Peer review

Question 10

10. Which item represents a high quality, non-peer reviewed source of information?

Narrative review

Systematic review

Position stand

Academic textbook

Answer 10

Academic textbook

Question 11

11.Which term encompasses the weight of the scientific evidence, field observations, and individual client needs?

Science

Primary research

Evidence-based practice

Scientific method

Answer 11

Evidence-based practice

Question 12

12. Which term best describes formulation of a hypothesis, collecting data to test the hypothesis, and changing or discarding the hypothesis when the data does not support it?

Science

Primary research

Evidence-based practice

Scientific method

Answer 12

Scientific method

Question 13

13. Which term describes a variable in an experiment for which a scientist takes no steps to account for?

Independent variable

Uncontrolled variable

Dependent variable

Validity

Answer 13

Uncontrolled variable

Question 14

14. Which term describes how a body of knowledge is based on observation and experience?

Falsifiable

Reliable

Repeatable

Empirical

Answer 14

Empirical

Question 15

15. Which observational study design allows scientists to hypothesize a potential causal association?

Cohort study

Case-control study

Case study

Cross-sectional study

Answer 15

Cohort study

Question 16

17. Scientists perform a study tracking 10,000 people over a 10-year period. They look at their sugar intake at the beginning of the study and then see who develops diabetes over the study duration. Which term best describes this study?

Cohort study

Survey

Case-control study

Cross-sectional study

Answer 16

Cohort study

Question 17

18. Scientists perform a study looking at the effects of caffeine on vertical jump performance. On one day, they give all the subjects caffeine followed by vertical jump tests. Two weeks later, they give all the subjects a placebo followed by the same vertical jump tests. Which term best describes this study design?

Crossover

Parallel

Factorial

Observational

Answer 17

Crossover

Question 18

19. “I tried this diet and lost 30 lbs.” What type of evidence is this?

Randomized controlled trial

Observational research

Expert opinion

Anecdote

Answer 18

Anecdote

Question 19

20 Scientists take 5000 people and have them fill out questionnaires on their dairy intake. They then compare cancer rates between people with high intakes and low intakes. What type of study is this?

Meta-analysis

Randomized controlled trial

Observational

Anecdotal

Answer 19

Observational

Question 20

21.Scientists gather 20 studies looking at the relationship between protein intake and lean body mass, and then they statistically analyze them together as a group. What type of study is this?

Observational research

Meta-analysis

Randomized controlled trials

Narrative review

Answer 20

Meta-analysis

Question 21

22. Scientists perform a study comparing 1000 women with breast cancer to 1000 women without breast cancer. They gather information on the women’s diets and look to see if the women diagnosed with breast cancer had more fat in their diet compared to the women who did not get cancer. Which term best describes this study?

Case-control study

Cohort study

Survey

Cross-sectional study

Answer 21

Case-control study

Question 22

23. Scientists perform a diet study in which they assign half the people to a continuous dieting group and the other half to an intermittent fasting group. Which term best describes this study design?

Parallel

Observational

Crossover

Factorial

Answer 22

Parallel

Question 23

24. Which of the following represents a strength of observational studies?

Can determine mechanisms for effects

High degree of control

Large subject numbers

Can establish cause and effect

Answer 23

Large subject numbers

Question 24

25. A scientist observes that people tend to perform better in a weight training session after consuming a pre-workout supplement. The scientist proposes that the caffeine in the supplement is increasing arousal, leading to increased performance. Which term best describes this scientist’s proposal?

Theory

Conclusion

Prediction

Hypothesis

Answer 24

Hypothesis

Question 25

26. A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, and performs a study comparing a high-sugar diet to a low-sugar diet with equal calories. He finds that fat gain was the same between the diets. Which term describes how this study effects the initial proposal? Prediction Validity Falsification Scientific method

Answer 25

Falsification

Question 26

27. A scientist hypothesizes that a supplement will increase resistance training performance. A study is carried out, and the results do not support the hypothesis. Multiple studies by independent labs also fail to support the hypothesis. What is the appropriate response regarding the hypothesis? The hypothesis should continue to be tested. The predictions have been falsified and the hypothesis is discarded. The predictions have been confirmed but the hypothesis is discarded. The predictions have been falsified but the hypothesis is upheld.

Answer 26

The predictions have been falsified and the hypothesis is discarded.

Question 27

28. A scientist hypothesizes that a supplement will improve fat loss by suppressing appetite. Which item represents a prediction generated by this hypothesis? Subjects will eat less after taking the supplement compared to when they do not take it. Subjects will lose fat after taking the supplement with no change in the amount of food consumed. Subjects taking the supplement will lose a similar amount of fat as subjects who do not take it. Subjects will eat a similar amount of food after taking the supplement compared to when they do not take it.

Answer 27

Subjects will eat less after taking the supplement compared to when they do not take it.

Question 28

29. Scientists randomly assign subjects to a low or high carbohydrate group and then look at changes in body weight over 3 months. Which item represents the independent variable in this study? Diet type Subjects Body weight Length of study (3 months)

Answer 28

Diet type

Question 29

30. Seven studies show Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B. Three studies show no difference. Assuming all the studies are equivalent in quality, which item best describes this situation? The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol than Diet B, but more data is needed. It is unknown whether Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B. The weight of the evidence suggests that Diet A and B are equivalent in their ability to lower cholesterol. There are insufficient studies to conclude that Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B.

Answer 29

The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol than Diet B, but more data is needed.

Question 30

31. Fructose has been shown in studies to have adverse effects on blood triglycerides when consumed in excess of calorie needs. However, moderate doses of fructose have been shown to have no effect. Which of the following items best describes the conclusion that should be drawn from this data? There is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions as to the impact of fructose intake on triglycerides. There is no reason to ever restrict fructose intake. Fructose intake poses no risk to triglycerides when consumed within energy needs, but caution is warranted if calorie intake is high. Fructose should be limited in the diet as much as possible.

Answer 30

Fructose intake poses no risk to triglycerides when consumed within energy needs, but caution is warranted if calorie intake is high.

Question 31

32. Numerous studies, including genetic studies, randomized controlled trials on lipid lowering medications, and observational studies point to LDL having a causal role in heart disease. Which term best describes the concept that LDL plays a causal role in heart disease? Hypothesis Theory Prediction Conclusion

Answer 31

Theory

Question 32

33. A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, independent of its calorie content. If that proposal is true, then that would mean that high-sugar diets should increase fat gain independent of their calorie content. What term describes this potential consequence? Prediction Conclusion Theory Hypothesis

Answer 32

Prediction

Question 33

42.Studies show that Diet A causes more weight loss than Diet B. A client is able to better adhere to Diet B than Diet A. Which item represents the best option for this client? Start with Diet A, then gradually transition to Diet B Diet A Alternate between Diet A and B Diet B

Answer 33

Diet B