Chapter 3 Exam 2

Question 1

The genetic material an individual inherits

Answer 1

Genotype

Question 2

The observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behavior

Answer 2

Phenotype

Question 3

Every aspect of an individual and his or her surroundings other than genes

Answer 3

Environment

Question 4

Molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information; chromosomes are made up of DNA

Answer 4

Chromosomes

Question 5

Molecules that carry all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

Sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things

Answer 6

Genes

Question 7

The chromosomes (X and Y) that determine an individual’s gender

Answer 7

Sex chromosomes

Question 8

A change in a section of DNA

Answer 8

Mutation

Question 9

The process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to the other; promotes variability among individuals

Answer 9

Crossing over

Question 10

Intermediate phenotypes, including the brain and nervous systems, that do not involve overt behavior

Answer 10

Endophenotypes

Question 11

Genes that control the activity of other genes

Answer 11

Regulator genes

Question 12

Two or more different forms of a genes

Answer 12

Alleles

Question 13

The allele that, of present, gets expressed

Answer 13

Dominant allele

Question 14

The allele that is not expressed if a dominant allele is present

Answer 14

Recessive allele

Question 15

Having two of the same allele for a trait

Answer 15

Homozygous

Question 16

Having two different alleles for a trait

Answer 16

Heterozygous

Question 17

Inheritance in which traits are governed by more than one gene

Answer 17

Polygenic inheritance

Question 18

All the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive and develop

Answer 18

Norm of reaction

Question 19

A disorder related to a detective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of the amino acidphentylanine

Answer 19

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 20

Genetic testing used to determine whether prospective parents are carried of specific disorders

Answer 20

Carrier genetic testing

Question 21

Genetic testing used to assess the fetus’s risk for genetic disorders

Answer 21

Prenatal testing

Question 22

Tests used to screen newborn infants for a range of genetic and non-genetic disorders

Answer 22

Newborn screening

Question 23

The science concerned with how variation in behavior and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors

Answer 23

Behavior genetics

Question 24

Refers to any characteristics or traits that are influenced by heredity

Answer 24

Heritable

Question 25

Refers to traits that are affected by a host of environmental factors as well as genetic ones

Answer 25

Multifactorial

Question 26

A statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals

Answer 26

Heritability

Question 27

Cells that are specialized for sending and receiving messages between the brain and all parts of the body, as well as within the brain itself

Answer 27

Neurons

Question 28

A component of the neurons that contains the basic biological material that keeps the neurons functioning

Answer 28

Cell body

Question 29

Neural fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electrical impulses

Answer 29

Dendrites

Question 30

Neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons

Answer 30

Axons

Question 31

Microscopic junctions between the axon terminal of one neurons and the dendritic branches or cell body of another

Answer 31

Synapses

Question 32

Cells in the brain that provide a variety of critical supportive functions

Answer 32

Global cells

Question 33

A fatty sheath that forms around certain axons in the body and increases the and efficiency of information transmission

Answer 33

Myelin sheath

Question 34

The “gray matter” of the brain that plays a primary role in what is thought to be particularly human like functioning, from seeing and hearing to writing to feeling emotion

Answer 34

Cerebral cortex

Question 35

Major areas of the cortex associated with general categories of behavior

Answer 35

Lobes

Question 36

The lobe of the cortex that is primarily involved in processing visual information

Answer 36

Occipital lobe

Question 37

The lobe of the cortex that is associated with memory, visual recognition, and the processing of emotion and auditory information

Answer 37

Temporal lobe

Question 38

Governs spatial processing as well as integrating sensory input with information stored in memory

Answer 38

Parietal lobe

Question 39

Associated with organizing behavior; the one that is thought responsible for the human ability to plan ahead

Answer 39

Frontal lobe

Question 40

Parts of the brain that lie between the major sensory and motor areas and that process and integrate input from those areas

Answer 40

Association areas

Question 41

The two halves of the cortex; for the most part, sensory input from one side of the body goes to the opposite hemisphere of the brain

Answer 41

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 42

A dense tract of nerve fibers that enable the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate

Answer 42

Corpus callosum

Question 43

The specialization of the hemispheres of the brain for different modes of processing

Answer 43

Cerebral lateralization

Question 44

The proliferation of neurons through cell division

Answer 44

Neurogenesis

Question 45

Formations on the dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrites’ capacity to form connections with other neurons

Answer 45

Spines

Question 46

The formation of myelin (a fatty sheath) around the axons of neurons that speeds and increases information-processing abilities

Answer 46

Myelination

Question 47

Changes in the brain’s electrical activity that occur on n response to the presentation of a particular stimulus

Answer 47

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

Question 48

The process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections

Answer 48

Synaptogenesis

Question 49

The. Or all developmental process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated

Answer 49

Synaptic pruning

Question 50

The capacity of the brain to be affected by experience

Answer 50

Plasticity

Question 51

The process through which h the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a results of experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal environment will have

Answer 51

Experience-expectant plasticity

Question 52

The process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual’s experiences

Answer 52

Experience-dependent plasticity

Question 53

Marked changes in physical development that have occurred very generations

Answer 53

Secular trends

Question 54

A condition in which infants become malnourished and fail to grow or gain weight for no obvious medical reason

Answer 54

Failure to thrive