chapter 3 exam Flashcards by Lauren Anderson

Deandra researches the effects of nicotine on the body for a term paper. She is surprised to find out that nicotine has some beneficial effects, including improving ____ functioning.

cognitive
lymphatic
endocrine
cardiovascular

cognitive

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Which is an example of a carcinogen found in tobacco?

myosmine
nornicotine
nitrosamines
cotinine

nitrosamines

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The e-cigarette is loaded with _____.

dry tobacco
liquid nicotine
wet tobacco
powdered nicotine

liquid nicotine

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Evidence suggests that e-cigarettes may be _____ than regular cigarettes and could reduce _____.

safer; quitting behavior
more addictive; quitting behavior
safer; craving
more addictive; craving

safer; craving

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The majority of nicotine is metabolized in the:

liver.
blood.
kidneys.
plasma.

liver

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Many behavioral therapy approaches address the ____ that trigger a craving to smoke.

subconscious forces
behavioral and environmental cues
biological cues
psychological traumas

behavioral and environmental cues

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The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, which required warning labels to be placed on cigarette packages, originally took effect in

1952
1973
1966
1925

1966

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The release and inhalation of which product from smoked tobacco provides direct contact of carcinogens with tissue in the mouth, throat, esophagus, and lungs?

tar
formaldehyde
lead
cadmium

tar

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Which is the most likely central psychoactive ingredient in tobacco?

propylene glycol
acetylcholine
ammonia
nicotine

nicotine

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The pharmacological effects of tobacco are due to ______ and the disease states are due to _______.

carbon monoxide; tar
nicotine; nicotine
nicotine; tar
tar; nicotine

nicotine; tar

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Compared to e-cigarettes, the use of vape-pens typically results in _____ on a puff per puff basis.

increased exposure to carcinogens
higher nicotine blood levels
lower nicotine blood levels
increased exposure to toxicants

lower nicotine blood levels

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_______ facilitates many disease processes associated with smoking because of its advantage over oxygen in binding to hemoglobin.

Nicotine
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Tar

carbon monoxide

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Compared to e-cigarettes, the use of vape-pens typically results in \_\_\_\_\_ nicotine blood levels and \_\_\_\_\_ carcinogens on a puff for puff basis.
  lower; decreased exposure to 
  higher; decreased exposure to 
  lower; increased exposure to 
  higher; increased exposure to

not b

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Resembling a normal cigarette, electronic cigarettes use a battery-powered device to deliver a smokeless and odorless dose of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
  adrenalin 
  nicotine 
  glutamate 
  caffeine

not adrenalin

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Nicotine is thought to be beneficial to all of the following EXCEPT:
  Alzheimer's disease.
  motor skills. 
  cognitive performance. 
  Parkinson's disease.

not Alzhiemer’s

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Nicotine has _______ -like effects.

serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
norepinephrine

acetylcholine

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Many of the severely adverse effects associated with nicotine are the result of its ____.

vehicle of administration: tobacco
glutathione conjugation
freebase properties
effects on nicotinic receptors

vehicle of administration: tobacco

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How do most smokers quit?

on their own
with the aid of their doctor
using self-help groups
using group therapy

on their own

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Nicotine-replacement therapy is a therapy that minimizes or prevents withdrawal symptoms by using products that contain ____.

active nicotine metabolites
inactive nicotine derivatives
tobacco but not nicotine
nicotine but not tobacco

nicotine but not tobacco

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The carcinogens in cigarettes are the primary cause of ______ cancer.

brain
lung
pancreatic
bladder

lung

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The major organ(s) responsible for metabolizing nicotine is (are) the _______

pancreas
lung
kidneys
liver

liver

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Which of the following statement is TRUE?

Nicotine is only one of 2000 substances in tobacco.
Nicotine accounts for the acute pharmacological effects of smoking.
Nicotine is a secondary active ingredient in tobacco.
Nicotine makes cigarettes burn slower.

nicotine accounts for the acute pharmacological effects of smoking

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Nicotine has been shown to have _______ effects.

calming
both calming and stimulating
None of these are correct.
stimulating

both calming and stimulating

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The main reason humans appear to consume tobacco is for its _____ content.

caffeine
carbon monoxide
tar
nicotine

nicotine

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Dr. Andrews studies the effects of nicotine on the brain by characterizing the role of nicotine as a ____ nicotinic receptor agonist. cholinergic dopaminergic glutamatergic serotonergic

cholinergic

Nicotine is eliminated from the body primarily in _______ sweat feces urine exhaled smoke

urine

_____ are the most toxic way to smoke tobacco. Cigarettes Hookahs Cigars Pipes

cigarettes

How many of the 60 species of the genus Nicotiana are used for human consumption? 15 28 7 2

The effect of nicotine on the cardiovascular system and hypothalamus are, respectively: vasoconstriction and diuretic hormone release. vasoconstriction and antidiuretic hormone release. vasodilation and antidiuretic hormone release. vasodilation and diuretic hormone release.

vasoconstriction and antidiuretic hormone release

The most frequently reported nicotine “withdrawal” symptom is _______ irritability craving anxiety insomnia

craving

``` Nicotine is an acetylcholine _____ by acting on acetylcholine _____. antagonist; receptors antagonist; neurotransmitter agonist; neurotransmitter agonist; receptors ```

agonist; receptors

Smoking during pregnancy has been shown to produce small but consistent: neurological deficits. attentional issues as children age. low birth weights. frontal lobe deficits.

low birth rates

Which of the following is the most efficient and safe way to get a dose of nicotine? using chewing tobacco vaping using snuff intranasally cigarette smoking

vaping

Nicotine-induced release of acetylcholine may: cause adult ADHD. improve cognitive performance and arousal. stimulate depression. enhance sensory perception.

improve cognitive performance and arousal

``` Nicotine is most readily absorbed from the skin gastrointestinal tract lung; nasal mucosa ```

lung

``` Most of the cancer-causing substances in smoke are in _ tar carbon monoxide carbon dioxide nicotine ```

tar

``` Cancers associated with tobacco use are primarily due to: tars in the tobacco. poor filters. the delivery device. nicotine. ```

tars in the tobacco

Which of the following tobacco products is associated with the highest rates of oral cancer? cigarettes snuff cigars chewing tobacco

chewing tobacco

When was the relationship between tobacco and cancer first established? mid-20th century late-20th century early-21st century early 20th century

early 20th century

When first people start smoking, nicotine induces: altered heart rate. a decrease in blood pressure. nausea. feelings of pleasure.

nausea

``` What is the minimum nicotine dosage considered to be fatal in human beings? 4 grams 60 milligrams 25 milligrams 1 gram ```

60 milligrams

``` Which biological effect is most likely to occur in a nonsmoker following their first cigarette? increased alertness blood vessel constriction nausea racing heart ```

nausea

__________ is the direct mechanism of action of nicotine on bit increasing and decreasing arousal levels Stimulation of dopamine receptors Blockade of acetylcholine receptors Stimulation of acetylcholine receptors Blockade of dopamine receptors

stimulation of acetylcholine receptors

Nicotiana tabacum is indigenous to _ Africa South America the United States Spain

South America

``` What is the most common administration route for nicotine? insufflation inhalation ingestion injection ```

inhalation

Hookah smoke is absorbed by: injection. transdermal patch. inhalation. sublingual administration.

inhalation

``` Which of the following would a person not be likely to feel after drinking a couple cups of coffee? creative confident drowsy efficient ```

drowy

``` Caffeine is primarily excreted from the body as ________ electrolytes metabolites caffeine amino acids ```

metabolites

``` Research suggests that daily coffee or caffeine use may provide a protective effect against: Parkinson's disease. bipolar disorder. type 1 diabetes. Huntington's disease. ```

Parkinson's Disease

``` Caffeine is naturally found in all of the following EXCEPT: tea leaves. cocoa beans. birch trees. kola nuts. ```

birch trees

Research has shown that caffeine _____ the risk of cardiovascular disease and _____ the risk of diabetes. decreases; decreases decreases; increases increases; decreases increases; increases

decreases; decreases

Of the major caffeine metabolites, __________ does not act in a similar way to caffeine. theophylline paraxanthine theobromine parabromine

theobromine

Xanthines are known for all of the following EXCEPT: depressing the central nervous system. relaxing smooth muscle. stimulating cardiac muscle. producing diuresis.

depressing the central nervous system

``` The antimigraine effect of caffeine appears to be due to: dilatation of cerebral arteries. constriction of cerebral arteries. increased cardiac output. increased cardiac contractility. ```

constriction of cerebral arteries

``` The half-life of caffeine is: less than 30 minutes. 24 to 48 hours. greater than two days. 3 to 10 hours. ```

3 to 10 hours

``` __________ is the most widely used psychoactive drug. Caffeine Nicotine Alcohol Cocaine ```

caffeine

``` The most common symptom of caffeine withdrawal is: depressed mood. irritibility. anxious mood. headache. ```

headache

``` Which of the following xanthines has almost no stimulant effect on the central nervous system and the skeletal muscles? Theophylline Theobromine Caffeine Paraxanthine ```

theobromine

Theobroma, the genus name for the cacao tree, is Latin for: wake-up tree. calm river. food of the gods. bitter root.

food of the gods

``` All of the following are pharmacological effects of normal caffeine doses except: reduced appetite. blood vessel constriction. increased heart rate. negative mood. ```

negative mood

``` Caffeine's primary pharmacodynamic action is _ a stimulating effect on respiration stimulation of CNS activity elevation of basal metabolism contraction of the heart ```

stimulation of CNS activity

``` Europeans first began using caffeine in ________ the late 15th and early 16th centuries the 19th century 200 B.C. the Stone Age ```

the late 15th and early 16th centuries

``` The half-life of caffeine in the blood ranges from ________ 12 to 24 hours 3 to 10 hours 15 to 30 minutes 1 to 2 hours ```

3 to 10 hours

``` Tea contains _________as well as caffeine. acetylcholine nicotine theophylline theobromine ```

theophylline

``` What source of caffeine did 16th century European explorers discover in Mexico? cacao coffee kola tea ```

cacao

``` Which of the following is used most frequently in medications? caffeine theobromine all are used equally parabromine ```

caffeine

``` Which of the following contains the highest concentration of caffeine? brewed tea brewed coffee Coca-Cola chocolate ```

brewed coffee

``` The effects of caffeine are caused by its blockage of receptors for which neurotransmitter? dopamine serotonin adenosine acetylcholine ```

adenosine

``` Adenosine is a _____ the discharge rate of many central neurons. stimulant that decreases depressant that increases depressant that decreases stimulant that increases ```

depressant that decreases

``` The majority of metabolism of caffeine occurs in the: kidney. liver. bladder. plasma. ```

liver

``` The ________ does most of the metabolizing of caffeine. colon liver pancreas kidneys ```

liver

``` The mechanism of action of caffeine appears to be _____ receptors. blockade of adenosine stimulation of GABAA stimulation of adenosine blockade of GABAA ```

blockade of adenosine

``` Caffeine is one of three naturally occurring compounds known as the ________ methylxanthines tricyclics theobromines endorphins ```

methylxanthines

``` Moderate consumption of caffeine can: increase inflammation. protect against heart failure. substantially increase the risk of coronary heart disease. increase the risk of stroke. ```

protect against heart failure

``` The most consistent withdrawal symptom after chronic caffeine use is: inability to sleep. nervousness. drowsiness. headache. ```

headache

``` Juan suffers from headaches. He takes over-the-counter medications for pain relief but also drinks a can of Monster®. The effects of the caffeine in the energy drink cause _____ of the cerebral blood vessels and _____ blood flow to the brain. constriction; decreased dilation; decreased dilation; increased constriction; increased ```

constriction; decreased

``` The explanation for caffeine's acute effects that is most accepted now is the hypothesis. aminophylline phosphodiesterase glucose adenosine ```

adenosine

Caffeinism is: the study of people hypersensitive to caffeine. a syndrome produced by the overdose or overuse of caffeine. the description of the effects of moderate doses of caffeine. the study of caffeine.

a syndrome produced by the overdose or overuse of caffeine

``` In 1909, the FDA seized some Coca-Cola syrup and filed charges against the company partly because: the syrup contained cocaine. the syrup formula was secret. of the toxins in kola nuts. the syrup contained caffeine. ```

the syrup contained caffeine

``` The lethal dose of caffeine is equivalent to approximately: There is no lethal dose. 30 to 50 cups. 10 to 20 cups. 100 cups. ```

100 cups

``` Caffeine's most widely known adverse effect is on: cardiovascular function. digestion. memory. sleep. ```

sleep

``` Today, an important producer of cocoa is _ China the United States Africa Switzerland ```

Africa

``` Agitation, anxiousness, and insomnia caused by high doses of caffeine is called: caffeinism. caffeine syndrome. synesthesia. somnolence. ```

caffeinism

``` The early history of coffee included a 1674 pamphlet from England titled: Roasted in Hell. Nectar of the Heavens. Bad Berries. The Women's Petition Against Coffee. ```

the Women's Petition Against Coffee

``` Other than the brain, research suggests that caffeine consumption may be beneficial for the: immune system. digestive tract. cardiovascular system. urinary tract. ```

cardiovascular system

If a caffeine dependent individual had her last caffeinated drink during the early afternoon, then the next morning she is likely: no longer going to experience caffeine withdrawal symptoms. experiencing caffeine withdrawal symptoms. able to wait several more hours before consuming more caffeine. still alert from the previous caffeine use.

experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms

``` After entry of caffeine into the intestines, caffeine has: poor absorption. moderate absorption. no absorption. high absorption. ```

high absorption

``` Green, black, and oolong tea are all prepared from leaves of: Camellia sinensis. different herbs. Xanthus theo. Coffea robusta. ```

camellia sinensis

chapter 3 exam Flashcards

(88 cards)