chapter 3: forging the nation Flashcards
the 3 amendments, black codes, carpetbaggers and scallywags, share cropping, homesteaders, transcontinental railroads, battle of little bighorn, dawes general allotment act, battle of wounded knee (48 cards)
1
Q
what was the 13th amendment?
A
formal ending of slavery in america
2
Q
what was the 14th amendment?
A
now freed slaves became citizens of america
3
Q
what was the 15th amendment?
A
gave freed slaves the right to vote
4
Q
in what ways did reconstruction fail?
A
- many freed slaves were forced into share cropping which took away their freedom as they were in debt
- ku klux klan was formed and used violence in attempt to prevent african americans from voting
- literary tests were done for african americans to try and prevent them from voting
5
Q
what were the successes of reconstruction?
A
- education was now available to over 600,000 black pupils in the south
- a number of freed slaves moved north to farms where they could earn higher wages
- lots of the south’s infrastructure was rebuilt or repaired
6
Q
what were the black codes?
A
a series of local laws which restricted the freedom of african americans
7
Q
what restrictions were african americans under due to the black codes?
A
- an interracial couple could not get married
- they could not testify in court
- could not own their own property
8
Q
when were the black codes passed?
A
1866
9
Q
by 1877, what was the governments focus?
A
conflict with plains indians and westward expansion - reconstruction was over
10
Q
how did african americans help themselves in the aftermath of american civil war + during reconstruction?
A
- build their own independent churches, creating a sense of community and teaching children to read + write
- organised mutual aid clubs where people could share experiences and gain confidence, they also helped with bonding
11
Q
what were scallywags?
A
poor southern farmers who had supported the union in the war
12
Q
what were carpetbaggers?
A
northeners who came to the south during the reconstruction
13
Q
did the south like carpetbaggers?
A
no
14
Q
were scallywags supported by the north?
were they liked by the south?
A
yes
no
15
Q
what were homesteaders?
A
farmers
16
Q
why did homesteaders move west?
A
- promise of land (government actions)
- the end of the civil war
- building of the transcontinental railroads
17
Q
how did government actions influence homesteaders to move west?
A
- the promise of free land
- the homestead act 1862 gave families 160 acres of free land to farm on the plains for 5 years
18
Q
how did the end of the civil war influence homesteaders to move west?
A
- after the war, many sought a new start in the west
- many previous soldiers were now unemployed so farmed on the plains
- many free slaves moved west to escape racism in the south
19
Q
how did the building of the transcontinental railroad influence homesteaders to move west?
A
- travelling was made much easier as people could now use the railroad rather than previously using wagons
- helped homesteaders get equipment and supplies to support the farm
- railroad companies sold cheap land on either side of the railroad
20
Q
what problems did homesteaders face while living on the plains?
A
- extreme weather
- lack of materials for building
- lack of water
- sod houses were dirty and disease ridden
- farming was difficult - the most fertile land was expensive
- crops didn’t always grow well in the dry soil
- crops would be destroyed by weather, animals etc.
21
Q
what solutions did homesteaders find to the problems they faced on the plains?
A
- dry farming: land was ploughed after it rained to trap moisture in the soil
- sod buster: a machine that broke through tough roots and eased farming
- wind pump: allowed water to be drawn from the ground
- barbed wire: allowed land to be fenced off land cheaply
- opening of the railroad made it easier to transport machinery
22
Q
what is share cropping?
A
system of farming in which farmer works land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop
23
Q
what was total war?
A
soldiers in the us army fighting against the whole plains indians population by destroying their food and shelter.
24
Q
what was the aim of total war?
A
to force plains indians onto reservations
25
what were the other three factors why the us army would beat the indians (other than total war)?
- fresh and experienced soldiers after the american civil war
- winter campaigns: fighting when the indians were at their weakest
- forts: massive defenses the indians could not capture or defeat
26
what led to the destruction of the buffalo?
- the building of the railroad (disrupted herds)
- a method was found for making high quality leather from buffalo hide, leading to a massive surge in buffalo hunting
27
how did the destruction of the buffalos affect lives of the plains indians?
- buffalo was used in many aspects of plains indians lives meaning that their culture and identity was now gone
- low food supplies would leave to starvation
- they would have to rely on the usa again
- would cause more conflict and wars that they would lose due to being weaker
- number of soldiers decreased
- many people were forced on to reservations
- affected their religion
28
when was the battle of little bighorn?
1876
29
who fought in the battle of little bighorn?
an alliance of sioux, cheyenne against the us army, commanded by colonel custer
30
what were the 4 main causes for the battle of little bighorn?
- gold was found in the hills in 1875 leading to an influx of gold miners breaking the second fort laramie treaty
- us government tried to buy black hills from the sioux but it was sacred land so the sioux refused
- in 1875 the sioux and cheyenne refused an order from the us government to return t their reservations
- some sioux began to attack miners and other settlers
31
what happened at the battle of little bighorn?
- custer discovered a sioux vilage and decided to attack, not realising that the population of this village was much larger than his army
- the sioux led custer and his men into a trap and ambushed them, killing them all
32
what were the reasons for custers defeat at the battle of little bighorn?
- they were outnumbered
- he ignored orders and didn't wait for a bigger army
- forced his troops to march through the night so they were exhausted
- wrongly guessed what the sioux were going to do in defence
33
what made the battle of little bighorn important?
it proved the native americans strength and power
34
what were the consequences of the battle of little bighorn?
- people turned against the native americans and sioux
- plains indians were forced onto reservations and became entirely dependent on the government
- the government began to destroy all native american culture
- the sioux were forced to sell the black hills and hand over all their weapons and horses
35
what was the dawes general allotment act?
a law which distributed indian reservation land to individual native american families
36
what was the intention of the dawes general allotment act?
intended to make native americans self sufficient farmers
37
when did the dawes general allotment act become a law?
1887
38
why was the dawes general allotment act created?
- to encourage native americans to integrate into white american society
- to free up more land for white settlers
39
how did the dawes act destroy native american culture?
- undermined tribal structure of native americans
- eliminated buffalos as they didn't need to be hunted
- eroded native american spiritual beliefs as they were soon forced to become christians
40
what was the ghost dance?
a religious movement that native americans did
41
why did the ghost dance start?
native americans believed they had angered the gods by abandoning their culture so did this dance in hopes of making amends and that the gods would make a new world for them
42
what did native americans believe the ghost dance would do?
- end white settlement in america
- bring the return of buffalo
- bring ancestors back to life
- restore their traditional way of life
43
what were the consequences of the ghost dance?
-the dance worried us government who had tried to ban the religion.
- led to the battle of wounded knee
44
what was the battle of wounded knee?
the final battle in the wars between the us army and the sioux
45
who was involved in the battle of wounded knee?
sioux indians led by 'big foot' and the 7th us cavalry
46
what happened at the battle of wounded knee?
us cavalry were sent to disarm the sioux and arrest their leader but one of the sioux resisted so the soldiers opened fire, killing 250 sioux and 25 soldiers
47
how many died at the battle of wounded knee?
over 250 sioux and 25 soldiers
48
after everything that happened, was manifest destiny achieved?
yes
