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Biological Basis (Test 1) > Chapter 3 (from the slides) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (from the slides) Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

What is the neuraxis?

A
  • The invisible line splitting the body

- Anatomical directions are relative to the neuraxis

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2
Q

What is Rostral (anterior)?

A
  • toward the head
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3
Q

What is Caudal (posterior)

A
  • toward the head

- going down the spine toward the feet

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4
Q

What is Ventral?

A
  • inferior

- toward the belly

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5
Q

What is dorsal?

A
  • superior

- toward the back (top of the head)

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6
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A
  • same side of the brain (hemisphere)
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7
Q

what is contralateral?

A
  • opposite side of the brain (hemisphere)
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8
Q

What is the sagittal section?

A
  • straight through and dividing the brain into two hemispheres through the corpus callosum
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9
Q

What is the coronal/frontal section?

A
  • also known as transverse
  • transverse cut through the brain
  • cut from front to back
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10
Q

What is the horizontal section?

A
  • also known as axial
  • parallel to the ground
  • cuts from top to bottom
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11
Q

How do you interpret an x-ray of the brain? (coronal cut)

A
  • imagine that the patient is standing in front of you

- Your right will be the patient’s left. Your left will be the patient’s right.

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12
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A
  • One of the two nervous systems
  • comprised of the brain and spinal cord
  • the spinal cord is a conduit for information to and from the brain
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13
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • comprised of the cranial/spinal nerves and peripheral ganglia
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14
Q

Efferent messaging

A
  • PNS carry information from the brain to the target organs and muscles
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15
Q

Afferent messaging

A
  • The nerves carry sensory information from the muscles and target organs to the brain.
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16
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord protected by?

A
  • the meninges

- contains the three layers that protects the brain

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17
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • outermost and thick layer of the meninges
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18
Q

Arachnoid

A
  • middle layer of the meninges
  • overlies the arachnoid space
  • CSF in arachnoid layer
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19
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • inner most layer
  • overlies every detail of the outer brain
  • blood vessels run through the pia matter
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20
Q

What is meningitis?

A
  • Infecting in the layer covering the brain
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21
Q

What is CSF

A
  • cerebrospinal fluid

- brain sits in a pool of this and reduces its weight from 1400 g to 800 g

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22
Q

Where is the CSF contained?

A
  • contained within the 4 ventricles in the brain
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23
Q

Where is the CSF produced?

A
  • the choroid plexus of each ventricle
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24
Q

What occurs when the ventricles expand?

A
  • when they get enlarged, disease can occur. Typically occurs with alcoholism or neurodegenerative diseases
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25
Names of the ventricles
- lateral ventricles - 3rd ventricle - 4th ventricle
26
True or False: CSF is produced continuously
True
27
What occurs when CSF doesn't drain properly?
- damage to the brain can occur. | - Hydrocephalus (water in the head) can occur
28
How is CSF produced?
- Created in the choroid pelus of the lateral ventricle s and then enters the the 3rd ventricle and then enters the 4th ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct
29
What are the arachnoid granules?
- granules that remove the CSF that flows around the brain
30
How is the CNS developed?
- Begins in the embryonic life as a hollow tube - Maintains its basic shape even after fully developed - The Tube is then created - Elongates - Forms pockets and folds - Thickens until the brain reaches its final form
31
More about the CNS development
- created 28 days after conception - the Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain are created in later development - As it developms, the telencephalon, diencephalon, and myelencephalon are created
32
Which ventricles are associated with the CNS developent?
- Lateral Ventricles/forbrain = telencephalon - Third Ventricle = midbrain - 4th ventricle = hindbrain
33
What are the anatomical subdivisions of the forebrain?
- Major division: forebrain - Ventricle: lateral and third ventricles - subdivisions: telencephalon, diencephalon Principle structures: cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus
34
What are the anatomical subdivisions of the midbrain?
- Major: midbrain - Ventricle: cerebral aqueduct - Subdivision: mesencephalon - principle structures: tectum and tegmentum
35
What are the anatomical subdivisions of the hindbrain?
- Major: hindbrain - Ventricle: fourth - subdivison: metencephelon and myelencephalon - principle structures: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
36
How does the cortex develop?
- The cortex develops from the inside out. Main development stages: -progenitor cells (R) form the VZ (ventricular zone), and then expand into the SVZ (subventricular zone) by symmetric division; -progenitor cells initiate asymmetric division (one progenitor and one brain cell); -radial glia (scaffolding) stretch toward, and attach to the pia matter; -cortical layers form one by one with neurons migrating upwards
37
What is axonal growth?
- once the neurons are in their respective cortical layers, they grow axons and ATTEMPT to find space on adjacent neurons for synaptic connections - about 50% of neurons vails to find postsynaptic "vacancies". These neurons die by apotosis (programmed cell death)
38
What promotes neurogenesis?
- disease an accelerate neurogenesis - exercise really promotes this in animals an humans - mild stress in beneficial in promoting this (contorversial)
39
What is the cerebral cortex?
- forms the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres
40
What are sulci?
- small groves on the cortex
41
What are fissures?
- large groves on the cortex
42
What are gyri?
- bulges in the cortex
43
What is the cortex primarily comprised of?
- primarily composed of cell, giving it its gray appearance and is formed of 6 layers of cells
44
What are the 4 lobes of the cortex?
- frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
45
What is the brain connected by?
- corpus callosum
46
what are the major fissures and gyrus?
- longitudinal fissures - central fissure - lateral fissure - precentral gyrus - postcentral gyrus - precentral gyrus - superior temporal gyrus
47
What cortex is located in the frontal lobe?
- motor association cortex | - primary motor cortex
48
What cortex is located in the parietal lobe?
- somatosensory association cortex | - primary somatosensory cortex
49
What is located in the temporal lobe?
- primary auditory cortex - auditory association cortex - visual association cortex
50
What is the located in the occipital cortex?
- primary visual cortex | - visual association cortex
51
What is the somatosensory humunculus?
- organization of the different parts of the body | - sequence is the same size in all people
52
sensory association?
- sensory association cortex receives and analyzes input from primary sensory cortex: the further away the association cortex, the more complex the analysis becomes
53
What is the limbic system?
- the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, mammilary bodies
54
What is the hippocampus involved with?
- involved in learning and memory
55
What is the amygdala involved with?
- involved in emotion
56
Mammillary bodies
- the fornix is a fiber bundle that interconnects the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies
57
What are the major structures of the limbic system?
- corpus callosum, fornix, mammillary bodies, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, limbic cortex
58
What is the basal ganglia?
- collection of subcortical nuclei that lie just under the anterior aspect of the lateral ventricles - involved in the control of movement and executive functioning
59
What are the major structures of the basal ganglia?
- putamen, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus
60
What structures are within the diencephalon?
- the thalamus and the hypothalamus?
61
What is the function of the thalamus?
- contains nuclei that receive sensory information and transmit it to cortex
62
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
- contains nuclei involved in integration of species-typical behavior, control of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary
63
The thalamus receives and forwards messages for all sensory input except for what?
- olfaction, which goes directly to the limbic systems
64
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
- communicates with the pituitary and regulates the production of hormones
65
What structures are within the mesencephalon?
- the tectum and tegmentum
66
What is the function of the tegmentum?
- portion of the midbrain located under the tectum and consists of the following: rostral end of he reticular formation, periaqueductal, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area
67
What is the function for the tectum
- superior and inferior colliculi are involved in the visual and auditory systems
68
What is contained within the metencephalon?
- contains the pons and the cerebellum | - basically keeps us alive
69
What is the function of the pons?
- contains the core of the reticular formation | - involved in the in the control of sleep and arousal
70
What is the function of the cerebellum?
- mainly involved in motor control
71
What structure is within the myencephalon?
- the Medulla oblongata
72
What is the function of the medulla?
- it is the most caudal portion of the brain and rostral to the spinal cord - control vital functions such as regulation of the cardiovascular system, breathing, and skeletal muscle
73
What is a nerve?
collection of axons OUTSIDE of the CNS
74
What is a tract?
collection of axons INSIDE of the CNS
75
what is the nucleus?
collection of cells INSIDE the CNS
76
what is the ganglion?
collection of the cells OUTSIDE of the CNS
77
Where is the spinal cord located?
- it is withing the vertebrae
78
What is the ventral root of the spinal cord?
- efferent message system-messages out - means that it mediates motor behavior outside of the spinal cord - descending - multipolar cells
79
What is the dorsal root of the spinal cord?
- afferent message system - messages in - ascending - carrying somatosensory information from the body to the brain - unipolar cells
80
What are the dorasl ganglions?
- is a collection of cell bodies | - cell bodies of the somatosensory neurons are outside of the body
81
What are the dorsal root ganglion?
- cell bodies of unipolar neurons
82
what is the spinal cord gray matter?
- site of efferent multipolar neuronal cell bodies
83
What diseases effect the spinal nerves?
- motor neuron diseases such as ALS, progressive atrophy, and muscular dystrophy
84
The Peripheral nervous system?
- contains cranial and spinal nerves
85
What does the somatic division of the PNS do?
- comprised of nerves that control muscle action and that carry sensory information back to the CNS: cranial nerves (12), spinal nerves (31)
86
What does the autonomic division of the PNS do?
- division of the PNS that governs smooth muscle and gland secretion
87
What systems are contained in the autonomic division of the PNS?
- parasympathetic and sympathetic
88
Function of the parasympathtic?
- supports activities that increase energy storage
89
Function of the sympathetic?
- arousal and the expenditure of energy
90
What are the motor cranial nerves?
- goes from the brain to the body - occularmotor, troclear, abducens, trigamental (jaw muscles), facial (face muscles) , muscles of throat and larynx, vagus (organs), neck muscles, spinal accessory, hypoglossal, tongue movements
91
What are the sensory cranial nerves?
- goes from the body to brain - olfactory (smell), optic (vision),, jaw muscles (touch and pain), taste, auditory, hearing, balance, taste, internal organs
92
What are the cranial nerves of the eyes?
- lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, superior obique, interior oblique
93
Function of the sympathetic division?
- associated with energy expenditure | - derives from thoracic and lumbar levels of spinal cord
94
Function of the parasympathetic?
- associated with energy conservation | - derives from cranial and sacral levels of the spinal cord

Biological Basis (Test 1) (4 decks)

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