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anatomy > Chapter 3: Functions and components of the skeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Functions and components of the skeletal system Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

functions of the skeletal system (1)

A

movement
trade off - strength and range of motion

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2
Q

functions of the skeletal system (2)

A

structure/support
designed to bear our weight standing up
designed for movement
designed for standing

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3
Q

functions of the skeletal system (3)

A

protection
protects most important organs (heart, brain, lungs)

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4
Q

functions of the skeletal system (4)

A

blood production:
- red blood cells (bone marrow) is made in bones
- adolescents make more
- axial and appendicular in kids
- just axial in adults

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5
Q

functions of the skeletal system (5)

A

storing calcium
- every muscle contraction requires calcium
- you are always using calcium
- no calcium ——-> dead
- can reshape bones

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6
Q

components of the skeletal system (1)

A

Bones

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7
Q

components of the skeletal system (2)

A

Cartilage
- hyalin - ends of bones in joints (friction)
- fibrocardilage - intervertibral discs - pubic bones (shock absorption)
- elastic - outer ear (shape)

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8
Q

components of the skeletal system (3)

A

tendons - muscle to bone
ligaments - bone to bone

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9
Q

Types of cartilage (1)

A

chondroblasts
-builds cartilage - matrix around cell - collagen fibers
-proteiglycens (water)

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10
Q

cartilage

A

non-inerverated (no nerves)
avascular - no blood vessels

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11
Q

Types of cartilage (2)

A

chondrocyte
- cartilage cell
- when the chondroblast is completely surrounded by by matrix

Lacunae - cacoon for CB

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12
Q

Types of cartilage (3)

A

Perichondrium
- connective tissue membrane around the cartilage
- inside layer of membrane
- inside has CB
- outside layer has blood vessels

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13
Q

Types of cartilage (4)

A

Articular cartilage
covers bone at joint

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14
Q

Types of cartilage (5)

A

Appositional growth
New chondrocytes and new matrix at the periphery

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15
Q

Types of cartilage (6)

A

Interstitial growth
(between)
Chondrocytes within the tissue
divide and add more matrix
between the cells

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16
Q

Between what ages are blasts and clasts the same?

A

30-50

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17
Q

what is bone always doing?

A

being taken apart and put together

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18
Q

In whom are blasts the most active?

A

children

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19
Q

Bone histology - matrix

A

Collagen fibers for strength - if collagen is gonna bones become brittle
hydroxapitate
minerals gone - bone is bendy

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20
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Builds bone
ossification - formation of bone

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21
Q

osteocytes

A

maintainer

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22
Q

lacunae

A

room that contains osteocytes and chondrocytes

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23
Q

canaliculi

A

a canal that connects osteocytes to blood supply

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24
Q

osteoclasts

A

Bone cutters - takes apart bones

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25
Spongy bone
Found in ends of long bones makes bones lighter
26
trabeculae
interconnecting rods or plates of bone - spaces filled with marrow - covered with endosteum - oriented along stress lines
27
Compact bone
- thickest in shaft - all around bones
28
Haversian canals
central goes the length of the bone - has blood - cells are arranged around canal
29
Lamellae
- laminated The matrix that is laid down in compact bone - concentric, circumferential, interstitial
30
Osteon
central canal, contents, associated concentric lamellae
31
perforating canal
allow connections in circulatory system, to provide different ways to get placds
32
Long bones
Upper and lower bones - arms - legs - phalanges
33
Short bones
- Carpels -Tarsels
34
Flat bones
- ribs - sternum - skull - scapulae (some flat and irregular bones of skull have sinuses lined by mucous membranes)
35
Irregular bones
- vertebrae - facial (bones) (some flat and irregular bones of skull have sinuses lined by mucous membranes)
36
Parts of a long bone Diaphysis
- Shaft - compact bone
37
Parts of a long bone Epiphysis
- end of bone - spongy bone
38
Parts of a long bone Epiphyseal plate
line - when growth is done Growth plate - hyaline cartilage - present until growth stops
39
Parts of a long bone Medullary cavity
- Hollow space in diaphysis - makes bone marrow - when bone marrow turns yellow - fat
40
Parts of a long bone Periosteum
- Connective tissue around bone - at end of bone it becomes a tendon/ligament - Sharpey’s fiber - some tendon/ligament is penetrated into bone itself - strong
41
Parts of a long bone Articular joints
- in joints - hyaline - left over
42
intramembranous ossification
starts with membrane - takes place in connective tissue membrane - forms many skull bones (mandable - top of skull)
43
Endochondral ossification
replace cartilage with bone starts with cartilage
44
Steps to endochondral ossification (7 - HPPFSAG)
H - hyaline cartilage in the rough shape of bone P - periosteum forms collar bone P - Primary ossification is in the center of diaphysis (blood vessels have to go in cartilage - osteoblasts make spongy bone) F - Forming medullary cavity S - Secondary ossification is in the epiphysis A - Almost all cartilage is bone - any cartilage left is in the epiphyseal plate G - Growth is done - epiphyseal line is there - articular cartilage is all that’s left
45
Factors affecting bone growth (1)
Genetics - how big your bones are depends on your genetics between age 12 (skull) and 25 (sacrum) all bones are done growing
46
Factors affecting bone growth (2)
nutrition - calcium, protein, vitamin D and C
47
Factors affecting bone growth (3)
hormones growth hormone - thyroid hormone (all tissues need it) pituitary hormones - makes growth (both make you grow) Sex hormones - estrogen (2 years) testosterone (longer than 2 years)
48
Factors affecting bone growth (4)
Stress - - extreme stress as a kid can stunt growth - regulate stress can make bones stronger
49
Bone remodeling (1)
Ca regulation - Needed in muscles and neurons - take in and out of bone
50
Bone remodeling (2)
density - - osteoclasts and blasts always at work - want to put pressure on bone to make them stronger
51
Bone repair (4 steps)
hematoma - - mass of blood comes from damaged blood vessels Callus - internal - form between ends of bones external - forms collar around the break Ossification - “makes bone” - replace callus (both internal and external) with spongy bone Remodeling - Compact bone replaces woven bone, part of the internal callus is removed, restoring medullary cavity.
52
Ca Homeostasis
Variety of things happening to keep calcium moving - keeps everything the same. calcium is used for a lot
53
What happens when you age (to your bones)
- bones get more brittle - longer to heal - less dense
54
Fractures - transverse
straight across
55
Fractures - oblique
upper angle break
56
Fractures - open
broke through skin
57
Fractures - close
under skin (didn’t break through)
58
Fractures - spiral
turned - twisted upward
59
Fractures - longitudinal
straight up and down
60
Fractures - green stick
bone bent and broke a little - but not all the way
61
Fractures - compression
gets jammed together
62
Fractures - depressed
indented break
63
Fractures - impacted
broken pieces get jammed together
64
Fractures - comminuted
3+ pieces
65
Health issues (osteoporosis)
- enough bone pause to cause problems - affects posture, teeth fall out, and breaking of bone - more common in women (happens near menopause - estrogen has to do with bone strength - so when estrogen goes down so does bone strength) - more common in smaller people
66
Health issues (arthritis)
- inflammation in joint which causes pain - rheumatoid arthritis - most common (caused by immune system problems) - wears out joint
67
Health issues - Herniated disk
- tremendous amount of force on disk - some material from inside goes to outside - pushes on nerves
68
health issues - scoliosis
when spine curves to the side
69
health issues - lordosis
too much curve to lumbar (more than normal) only bad if it pinches nerves
70
health issues - kyphosis
too much of a curve with thoracic (hunch back)

anatomy (11 decks)

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