Chapter 3 - Genetic Bases of Child Development

Question 1

Gamete

Answer 1

An egg or sperm

Contains 23 individual chromosomes

Created through Meiosis

Joining of gametes = conception

Question 2

Meiosis

Answer 2

Cell division resulting in gametes

Makes sure each gamete has only 23 chromosomes to contribute

Question 3

Mitosis

Answer 3

Cell division resulting in bodily cells

Creates bodily cells other than gametes

Question 4

Louise Brown (1978)

Answer 4

First person to be born after being conceived in a lab dish instead of the mother’s body

Question 5

In-vitro Fertilization

Answer 5

Artificial form of egg fertilization

Mixing egg and sperm in a lab dish, then placing into the mother 24h later

About 20% of attempts succeed, the likelihood of twins is higher

Question 6

Ectogenesis

Answer 6

Fertilization of an egg outside the uterus

Question 7

Autosomes

Answer 7

First 22 pairs of chromosomes

Question 8

Sex Chromosomes

Answer 8

23rd pair of chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes

Question 9

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 9

Code for specific genes

Each chromosome in a cell’s nucleus consists of one molecule of DNA

Question 10

The “Rungs” of DNA

Answer 10

Carry the genetic code and are made up of paired chemical compounds called nucleotide bases;

Adenine is paired with Thymine
Guanine is paired with Cytosine

Question 11

3 Parts of DNA

Answer 11

Gene
Genotype
Phenotype

Question 12

Gene

Answer 12

A group of chemical compounds, called nucleotide bases, which generate the production of a protein or other important biological building blocks in the body

Question 13

Genotype

Answer 13

The complete set of genes that make up a person’s heredity

Question 14

Phenotype

Answer 14

A person’s genotype plus all other environmental influences that make up that person’s physical, behavioural, and psychological characteristics.

Results from genetic and environmental factors

Question 15

Single Gene Inheritance

Answer 15

Dominant:
Chemical instructions are always followed

Recessive:
Will be displayed when paired with another recessive gene

Incomplete dominance:
Two heterozygous alleles expressed

Question 16

Alleles

Answer 16

Genes come in different forms called alleles

A baby inherits one version of each gene (one allele) from each parent

Question 17

Homozygous Alleles

Answer 17

The alleles in the pair of chromosomes are the same

Question 18

Heterozygous

Answer 18

The alleles are different from each other

Question 19

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP)

Answer 19

Some disease states such as sickle-cell anemia are associated with this gene mutation

The normal nucleotide base expected in a particular position is altered

Question 20

How does a genotype influence phenotype if a person is homozygous for a trait?

Answer 20

When both alleles are the same, and therefore have chemicals instructions for the same phenotype, that phenotype results

If a baby had alleles for normal red blood cells on both chromosomes in the eleventh pair, they would be almost guaranteed to have normal cells.

Question 21

How does a genotype influence phenotype if a person is heterozygous for a trait?

Answer 21

Often one allele is dominant, which means the instructions are always followed and the other is recessive.

Question 22

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 22

The phenotype that results often falls between the phenotype associated with either allele.

Question 23

Clinal Variation

Answer 23

Continuous genetic variation observed between geographic regions

Question 24

2 Ways Twins Form

Answer 24

Dizygotic twinning (fraternal)
Monozygotic twinning (identical)

Question 25

How do genetic disorders form?

Answer 25

Inherited disorders

Abnormal chromosomes
eg. down syndrome

Question 26

Behavioral Genetics

Answer 26

The branch of genetics that deals with with inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits

Question 27

Either-or Traits

Answer 27

The traits controlled by single genes

Most important behavioral/psychological characteristics are a more broad range of outcomes

Question 28

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 28

When phenotypes reflect the combined activity of many seperate genes

Aa Bb Cc and Dd

Question 29

Nonshared Environmental Influences

Answer 29

The experiences and circumstances within a family that make siblings different from one another

Question 30

Most disorders are caused by which alleles?

Answer 30

Recessive

Question 31

Genetic Reductionism

Answer 31

To argue that genes produce environments or directly cause particular behaviours

Question 32

Reaction Range

Answer 32

The range of phenotypic expression possible for a genotype, considering environmental factors

Question 33

Relations Between Nature and Nurture - Sandra Scarr

Answer 33

Passive gene-environment relation

Evocative gene-environment relation

Active gene-environment relation

Question 34

Passive Gene-environment Relation

Answer 34

Parents pass on genotypes to their children and provide much of the early environment for their young children

Bright parents pass on bright genes and buy more books, bring them to museums, etc

Question 35

Evocative Gene-environment Relation

Answer 35

Different genotypes evoke different responses from the environment

Children who are bright ask more questions, receive more attention

Question 36

Active Gene-environment Relation

Answer 36

Individuals actively seek environments related to their genetic makeup

Question 37

Niche-picking

Answer 37

Deliberately seeking environments that fit one’s heredity