Chapter 3 Genetics/Genomics

Question 1

Single called organisms with no nuclear membranes or organelles and with their genetic material as a single strand in the cytoplasm

Answer 1

Prokaryotes

Question 2

Multicelled organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus containing both the genetic material and specialized organelles

Answer 2

Eukaryotes

Question 3

A membrane bound structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material

Answer 3

Nucleus

Question 4

In all animals and plants, there are two types of eukaryotic cells.______ _____is also called body cells composes most issues, such as a bone, muscle, skin, brain, and hair. ______are the sex cells, sperm in males and over in females.

Answer 4

Somatic Cells, Gametes

Question 5

The root of somatic cell and gamete production is in the chromosomes, located in the nucleus of each cell. In humans, somatic cells are ______, having 46 chromosomes, whereas gametes are ______ with 23 chromosomes.

Answer 5

Diploid, Haploid

Question 6

A cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes

Answer 6

Diploid cells

Question 7

A cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes; half the number of chromosomes as a diploid cell.

Answer 7

Haploid

Question 8

Each DNA sequence, each proteins generating code, is a gene; in the complete set of gene’s is the _______

Answer 8

Genome

Question 9

Within any organism, nDNA is _______, meaning it is the same in each and every cell. (An exception to the rule is mature red blood cells)

Answer 9

Homoplasmic

Question 10

Energy producing (ATP) organelles in eukaryotic cells; they possess their own independent DNA.

Answer 10

Mitochondria

Question 11

The mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA), a kind of miniature chromosome containing 37 genes is inherited usually just from the mother. Unlike nDNA, mtDNA is _____ meaning it can differ among different parts of a persons body or even within the same kinds of cells.

Answer 11

Heteroplasmic

Question 12

DNA includes only one type of sugar and one type of phosphate group. However it includes four different types of nitrogen bases. A gene is a specific and unique sequence of these bases.

Answer 12

Adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine

Question 13

A ____ is the building block of DNA and is made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a single nitrogen base.

Answer 13

Nucleotide

Question 14

What are the three simplified steps for DNA replication?

Answer 14

1. DNA unzips.
2. Exposed nitrogen bases attach to free floating nucleotides
3. Replication complete

Question 15

The process of cellular and nuclear division that creates two identical diploid daughter cells?

Answer 15

Mitosis

Question 16

The production of gametes through one DNA replication and two cell divisions, creating four haploid gametic cells.

Answer 16

Meiosis

Question 17

Within somatic cells, chromosomes occur in _____, or matching pairs. They are virtually identical in their physical and chemical structure.

Answer 17

Homologous

Question 18

All chromosomes, except the sex chromosomes, that occur in pairs in all somatic cells.

Answer 18

Autosomes

Question 19

A complete set of chromosomes, including all of the autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.

Answer 19

Karyotype

Question 20

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a crossover event

Answer 20

Recombination

Question 21

Rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another. This may cause infertility, Down syndrome, including several forms of cancer.

Answer 21

Translocation

Question 22

On occasion chromosome pairs failed to separate during meiosis or mitosis resulting in an incorrect number of chromosomes in the persons genome.

Answer 22

Nondisjunction

Question 23

A loss in number of chromosomes is also known as?

Answer 23

Monosomy

Question 24

The condition in which an additional chromosome exists with the homologous pairs?

Answer 24

Trisomy

Question 25

Organic molecules combined in a specific sequence by the ribosomes to form a protein?

Answer 25

Amino acid

Question 26

Most of the human body is composed of proteins, and the body produces 12 of the amino acids. The other eight called __ __ __ come from particular foods?

Answer 26

Essential amino acids

Question 27

Protein synthesis is a two-step process. The first step, _____ takes place mostly in the cella’s nucleus. The second, ______, takes place in the cytoplasm.

Answer 27

Transcription, translation

Question 28

____ has the same nitrogen bases as DNA, except that uracil replaces thymine. Uracil always matches with adenine, while guanine continues to pair with cytosine.

Answer 28

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 29

The molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein; that is, for the transcription phase of protein synthesis.

Answer 29

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 30

Ribosomes are made up of another kind of ribonucleic acid, _______. Once the mRNA is attached to the ribosome, the transcription step of protein synthesis is complete.

Answer 30

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 31

The first step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of messenger RNA (mRNA) based on the DNA template.

Answer 31

Transcription

Question 32

The second step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by transfer RNA (tRNA) to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain.

Answer 32

Translation

Question 33

The molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.

Answer 33

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 34

Sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by tRNA, they match up with the complementary mRNA codons, and each designates a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.

Answer 34

Anticodon

Question 35

The sequence of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis once attached with a anticodon. AKA triplets

Answer 35

Codons

Question 36

Chemical bond that joins amino acids into a protein chain

Answer 36

Peptide bond

Question 37

Also known as a protein, a chain of amino acids held together by multiple peptide bonds

Answer 37

Polypeptide