Chapter 3 - Human Development (KEY TERMS)

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

study of changes in behaviour and abilities from birth to death

Question 2

Heredity

Answer 2

transmission of characteristics through genes from parents to offspring

Question 3

DNA

Answer 3

molecular structure that contains genetic information

Question 4

Chromosomes

Answer 4

‘colored bodies’ made up of DNA in the nucleus of each cell

Question 5

Genes

Answer 5

specific areas on DNA strands that carry genetic information

Question 6

Dominant gene

Recessive gene

Answer 6

expressed if present

expressed if two recessive genes

Question 7

Polygenic characteristics

Answer 7

influenced by many genes working in combination

Question 8

Maturation

Answer 8

physical growth and development of body/nervous system

Question 9

Readiness

Answer 9

condition that allows rapid acquisition of a skill

Question 10

Environment (nurture)

Answer 10

all external conditions affecting development, esp. learning

Question 11

Congenital problems (birth defects)

Answer 11

(originate during time in womb)

Question 12

Genetic disorders

Answer 12

problems caused by defects in genes

Question 13

Teratogen

Answer 13

causes birth defects

Question 14

Sensitive period

Answer 14

Increased sensitivity to environmental influences

Question 15

Deprivation

Answer 15

withholding of normal stimulation

Question 16

Enrichment

Answer 16

making an environment more stimulating

Question 17

Temperament

Answer 17

physical core of personality (emotions, etc)

Question 18

Developmental level

Answer 18

Physical/emotional/intellectual developmental state

Question 19

Social smile

Answer 19

Smiling elicited by social stimuli (seeing parents’ face)

Question 20

Social development

Answer 20

development of self-awareness, attachment to parents, and relationships with others

Question 21

Emotional attatchment

Answer 21

close emotional bond that infants form with others

Question 22

Separation anxiety

Answer 22

distress when infants are separated from caregivers

Question 23

Secure attachment

Answer 23

stable and positive emotional bond

Question 24

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 24

bond in which infant tends to avoid reunion with caregiver

Question 25

Insecure-ambivalent attachment

Answer 25

bond in which infant desires to be with parent and resists being united

Question 26

Affectional needs

Answer 26

emotional needs for love and affection

Question 27

Parental styles

Answer 27

identifiable patterns of parental caretaking/interaction with children

Question 28

Authoritarian parents

Answer 28

Parents who enforce rigid rules/demand strict obedience

Question 29

Overly permissive parents

Answer 29

Parents who give children no guidance and too much freedom

Question 30

Authoritative parents

Answer 30

Parents who supply firm guidance with love/affection

Question 31

Maternal/paternal influences

Answer 31

psychological effects mothers/fathers have on children

Question 32

Biological predisposition

Answer 32

readiness of humans to learn certain skills

Question 33

Signal

Answer 33

early language development: any behaviour for nonverbal interaction and turn-taking between parent and child

Question 34

Assimilation

Answer 34

application of existing mental patterns to new situations

Question 35

Accommodation

Answer 35

modification of existing mental pattern to fit new situations

Question 36

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 36

sensory input and motor responses become coordinated

Question 37

Object permanence

Answer 37

concept gained in infancy: objects continue to exist even when not in sight

Question 38

Preoperational stage

Answer 38

children began to use language and think symbolically, but remain intuitive and egocentric in thought

Question 39

Transformation

Answer 39

mental ability to change shape or form of substance and perceiving that it's volume remains the same

Question 40

Intuitive thought

Answer 40

thought with little use of logic

Question 41

Egocentric thought

Answer 41

self-centered thought that does not consider the viewpoints of others

Question 42

Concrete operational stage

Answer 42

use of simple concepts, mental operations

Question 43

Conservation

Answer 43

mastery of the concept that WMV are conserved when shape/appearance of object changes

Question 44

Formal operations stage

Answer 44

abstract thought

Question 45

Zone of proximal development

Answer 45

range of tasks a child cannot master alone, but can with help

Question 46

Adolescence

Answer 46

CULTURALLY defined period between childhood and adulthood

Question 47

Puberty

Answer 47

BIOLOGICALLY defined period in which a person matures sexually and is capable of reproduction

Question 48

Moral development

Answer 48

development of values that act as a guide regarding acceptable behaviour

Question 49

Preconventional moral reasoning

Answer 49

based on consequences

Question 50

Conventional moral reasoning

Answer 50

based on desire to please others and follow accepted rules

Question 51

Postconventional moral reasoning

Answer 51

based on self-chosen moral principles

Question 52

Developmental task

Answer 52

any skill/personal change that must take place for optimal development

Question 53

Psychosocial dilemma

Answer 53

conflict between personal impulses and the real world

Question 54

Erikson's Psychosocial Dilemmas

Answer 54

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (1 year) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Self-interest (Middle Adulthood) 8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood) (just read the definitions in the book, I've already learned them and they're sort of self-explanatory and I'm lazy)

Question 55

Ageism

Answer 55

Discrimination based on age