chapter 3 lipids

Question 1

Are lipids monomers?

Answer 1

No

Question 2

Are lipids hydrophobic?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

Lipids are amphipathic and that means

Answer 3

they have both polar and nonpolar regions

Question 4

What are the six classes of lipids?

Answer 4

Fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids, and terpines

Question 5

Hydrocarbon tails are usually long (__- ___ carbons)which make them ____

Answer 5

12-20; hydrophobic

Question 6

Why are even numbers of carbons favored?

Answer 6

Because fatty acid synthesis occurs via the stepwise addition of two carbon unites to the growing chain.

Question 7

Fatty acids are highly reduced. What does this mean?

Answer 7

They yield large amounts of energy upon oxidation and a lot of H produced.

Question 8

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 8

each carbon atom in the chain is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogens (single bonds)

Question 9

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 9

have that kink, have one or more double bonds, so they have bends in the chains are less tightly packed

Question 10

Trans Fats

Answer 10

a type of unsaturated fatty acid with a particular type of double bond that causes less of a bend in the chain

Question 11

____ fatty acids have the hydrogen atoms on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond, while ___ fatty acids have them on opposite sides

Answer 11

cis, trans

Question 12

Prostaglandin

Answer 12

• are hormone like substances produced in cells
• are also known as eicosanoids, formed from arachidonic acids
• have many functions, such as lowering or raising blood pressure, and stimulating contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus
  -arachidonic acids cause pain

Question 13

Waxes

Answer 13

are esters formed from saturated fatty acids and long chain alcohols, each containing from 14 to 30 carbons

Question 14

What do Nonsteroidal anti flammatory drugs do (NSAIDS)?

Answer 14

block production of prostaglandins, decreasing pain and inflammation
- all have a benzene and carboxyl group

Question 15

What is a use of wax?

Answer 15

Coatings that prevent loss of water by leaves and plants

Question 16

Triacylglycerols

Answer 16

consist of a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached to it

Question 17

Glycerol

Answer 17

a three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each carbon

Question 18

The main function of triaglycerols is

Answer 18

energy storage

Question 19

Triaglycerols in plants are ___ and animals are ____.

Answer 19

oil, fat

Question 20

Phosphoglycerides or sphingolipids

Answer 20

are both types of phospholipids, but they differ in their backbone structure. Phosphoglycerides have a glycerol backbone, while sphingolipids have a sphingosine backbone. Both are crucial components of cell membranes, playing vital roles in structural integrity and cell signaling.

Question 21

What is the basic component of phosphoglycerids, and what does it consist of?

Answer 21

phosphatidic acids, which has two fatty acids (one saturated and one unsaturated) and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

Question 22

Membrane phosphoglycerides

Answer 22

invariably have a small hydrophilic alcohol linked to the phosphate by an ester bond and have an amphipathc nature

Question 23

Sphigolipids

Answer 23

are based on the amine sphingosine, which has a long hydrocarbon chain with a sigle site of unsaturation near the polar end

Question 24

Sphingosine can form an ___ bond to a long chain fatty acid, resulting in a molecule called a ____.

Answer 24

amide, ceramide

Question 25

Where are sphingolipids found?

Answer 25

In the membranes in the skin and nervous system and they play a role in inflammation

Question 26

Sphingolipids are predominantly found in the ____ leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer, often in ___ ___, localized domains within a membrane.

Answer 26

outer, lipid rafts

Question 27

Glycolipids

Answer 27

are lipids containing a carbohydrate instead of a phospholipid and are often derivatives of sphingosine and glycerol (glycosphingolipids)

Question 28

Steroids

Answer 28

are derivatives of a four ringed hydrocarbon skeleton, which distinguishes them from other lipids are relatively nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic Most common in animal cells is cholesterol

Question 29

Sterols are in

Answer 29

plants and fungi

Question 30

Steroid Hormones

Answer 30

made in the adrenal cortex

Question 31

The glucocorticoids are

Answer 31

a family of hormones that promote synthesis of glucose and suppress inflammation

Question 32

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 32

regulate ion balance by promoting reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions by the kidney

Question 33

What are the 4 S's the adrenal gland is made for?

Answer 33

Salt (aldosterone), sugar (cortisol), sex, and stress

Question 34

Terpenes

Answer 34

are synthesized from the five carbon compound isoprene and are sometimes called isoprenoids

Question 35

Isoprene and its derivatives are joined in various combinations to produce substances such as

Answer 35

vitamin A and carotenoid pigments

Question 36

The isoprene based compounds ____ are involved in activating sugar compounds

Answer 36

dolichols

Question 37

What are also isoprene derivatives?

Answer 37

Electron carriers such as coenzyme plastoquinone and coenzyme Q

Question 38

Polyisoprenoids

Answer 38

polymers of isoprene, are found in cell membranes of the Archaea