Chapter 3- Macromolecules/ biomolecules CLASS 1 Flashcards
(58 cards)
1
Q
4 macromolecules
A
- Proteins
- Carbs
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
2
Q
Macromolecules made from_________
A
- Polymers; large molecules made from repeating small units called monomers
3
Q
Enzymes that make macromolecules___________
A
Polymerases
4
Q
Reactions to make macromolecules_________
A
Polymerization
5
Q
Dehydration synthesis/ Condensation
A
- removing water
- go from monomers to polymers
6
Q
Hydrolysis
A
- adding water
- break polymers into monomers
7
Q
Protein monomers
A
- made of aa linked to make polymers
- 20 types
- sequence of aa is what makes each protein unique and able to fulfill the role
8
Q
General struc/ parts of aa
A
- alpha amino/ amine group
- a carboxyl group/ acid group
- tetrahedral a carbon
^^^ backbone - r group/ side chain- unique feature for each aa. What distinguishes the physical and chem properties all the types of aa
9
Q
Peptide Bonds/ Amide bond
A
- link aa together by peptide bonds (PB)
- formed bw the carboxyl group of one aa and the amino group of another aa
- hydrolysis rxn; loss of water
10
Q
backbone polypeptide pattern
A
N-C-C-N-C-C
11
Q
individual aa
A
Residue
12
Q
Polypeptide synthesis direction___
A
- amino terminus (N terminus) to carboxyl terminus (C terminus)
13
Q
Proteolysis/ Proteolytic cleavage
A
- hydrolysis of a protein by another a protein
- cleavage by of a peptide bond done by proteases
14
Q
Disulphide bonds
A
- Cystine
- has reactive thiol (sulfhydryl, SH) side chain
- thiol of one cys reacts with the thiol of another cys to produce a covalent sulfur-sulfur bond
- form bw cys on same polypeptide chain or on diff polypeptide chains
- stabilizes protein tertiary structure
15
Q
Struc- func relationship
A
- in proteins
- structure of protein dictates the func
- fold polypeptide into 3D structure is required to make protein function
- improperly folded or denatured proteins have no function
16
Q
denaturation
A
- disruption of the protein shape without breaking any peptide bonds
- unfolding of the protein/ not proper folding
- done by Urea, extreme pH, extreme temp, change in salt concentration (tonicity)
- does not affect the primary struc, but does for 2,3,4
17
Q
Primary Structure
A
- simplest level
- aa seq/ bonded order
- no folding
- linear ordering
- bonds involved: peptide bonds
- dictates how it folds/ tertiary struc
- seq of aa it what makes each protein unique
18
Q
Secondary Structure
A
- initial folding of polypeptide chain into shapes
- Bonds involved; Hydrogen bonds bw backbone NH (amino) and CO (carboxyl) groups
- 2 common forms; a helix and b- pleated sheets
19
Q
2 types B sheets
A
- parallel; adjacent pp strands running in same direction
- anti parallel; adjacent pp strands running in opposite directions
- made of extended sheets
20
Q
charac of a helicies
A
- right handed
- 3.6 residues per turn
- 5 angstorms in width
- each aa rising 1.5 angstorms
- have a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portion
- coiled
21
Q
Tertiary structure
A
- due to side chain interactions within a polypeptide
- interactions bw aa more distant from eachother
- driven by: R groups interactions with eachother and with the solvent (water)
- hydrophobic R groups fold towards the center away from water
- hydrophilic R groups fold towards the outside, exposed to water
22
Q
2 main types of interactions (proteins 3, 4 levels)
A
- covalent
-1)non polar to non polar
- 2)polar to polar
- 3)acid to base (electrostatic) - hydrophilic
1) and 2) are hydrophobic - non covalent
- 1) disulfide bonds
23
Q
fold protein to the__________
A
- lowest energy conformation
- spontaneously
24
Q
Quaternary structure
A
- due to side chain interactions bw 2 diff polypeps
- any 2 or more polypeps
- highest level
-interaction of subunits - stabilizing forces; van der waals, hydrogen bonds, disulfide, eletrostatic, non covalent
25
Subunit
single polypep chain
26
Carbs monomer
- monosaccarides/ simple sugar
- mono chem form; Cn H2n On
27
3 common 6C monosaccharides
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
all have C6H12O6
28
Carbs broken down to CO2 by_____________
- oxidation (burning/ combustion)
- release alot of energy
- principle energy source for cellular metabolism
29
Monosaccaride+Monosaccaride=
- Disaccharide
30
3 common disaccharides
glu+glu= Maltose
glu+fructose= Sucrose
glu+galactose= Lactose
all have C12H22O11
- bc to link monomers together it is dehydration synthesis and a H2O is removed
31
Multiple monosaccarides=
- Polysaccaride
32
Glycogen
- polysaccaride
- animal glucose storage
- has alpha linkages
33
Starch
- polysac
- plant glucose storage
- has alpha linkages
34
alpha linkages in glycogen and starch
a 1-6
a 1-4
35
Cellulose
- polysac
- play a part in plant structural role
- has beta linkages; humans do not have the enzymes to break these down therefore cannot get energy out of 'em
36
Func of polysaccarides/ carbs
- energy
- cell surface markers (esp in unicellular organisms)
37
Func of proteins
- receptors
- enzymes
- cell signalling
- structural roles
- pumps
- energy
- channels
- antibodies
38
Bond between monosaccharides/ sugar molecules
Glycosidic linkage
- covalent bond
- formed by dehydration synthesis
- requires enzymatic catalyst
39
lipids monomer
hydrocarbons
40
lipids physiological roles
1. in adipose cells, triglycerides (fats) store energy
2. in cellular membranes phospholipids are a barrier
3. Cholesterol bb for steroid hormones and mem fluidity
41
Lipids cardinal charac________
- hydrophobic
- C-C bonds and C-H bonds are non polar
42
Fatty Acid
- 14- 18 carbons, made on 2C bb
- composed of negative change carboxyl group head (polar/ hydrophillic) and alkanes (hydrocarbon tail, NP/ hydrophobic)
43
saturated fatty acid
- no double bonds
- solid at room temp bc not kinks in the tails and pack together
- every C is fully saturated with full # of Hydrogens
44
Unsaturated fatty acid
- one or more double bonds
- kinks in rail
- not pack tightly together
- liquid at rm temp
- cis config
45
fatty acids in aq solution form
Micelle
- driven by hydrophobic interaction
46
Triglycerides
- made of 1 glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
- storage form of fatty acids ^ is a fat
- dehydration synthesis; loosing 3 waters
- formed by esterification; held by ester links
47
Why is triglycerides good for storage/ why more efficient energy storage than carbs
- more packing; doesnt attract water; no water weight (jello analogy)
- oxidation/ burning gives more energy than carbs
- primary energy storage
48
lipases
- break down lipids back into fatty acids and glycerol
49
phosphlipids
- are a diacylglyerol
- amphipathic; bc has a polar and non polar portion
- phosphate head; polar bc of neg charge
- 2 fatty acid tails; non polar
- when in aq solution get spontaneous formation of a bilayer bc of hydrophobic drive
50
terpenes built from__________
isoprene units
- need at least 2 isoprenes to make a terpene
- isoprene form; C5H8
- gen formular; (C5H8)n
51
monoterprenes=
- 2 isoprene units
52
sesquiterpenes=
- 3 isoprene units
53
diterprenes=
- 4 isoprene units
54
squalene=
6 isoprene units
- also called triterpene
- used to manufacture steroids, chol and waxes
55
increase mem fluidity by
- unsaturated
- decreasing fatty acid tail length
- cholesterol increases fluidity at cold temp
56
decrease me fluidity by
- saturated
- increasing fatty acid tail length
-cholesterol decreases fluidity at hot temps
57
Cholesterol
- 3 6C rings + 1 5C ring (tetracyclic struc)
- hydrophobic
- from diet or liver
- keeps mem fluidity at optimum level
- make steroid hormones; testosterone and estradiol
- make bile salts (made by liver for lipid digestion)
58
Lipoproteins
- carry chol through the blood
