Chapter 3- Macromolecules (I)

Question 1

Highly polar molecules with common structures, provides energy, and structural support

Answer 1

carbohydrates

Question 2

primarily hydrophobic, provides insulation, and long-term energy storage to cells

Answer 2

lipids

Question 3

What are the four basic types of larger molecules for life?

Answer 3

-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids
-Proteins

Question 4

Macromolecules

Answer 4

large molecules

Question 5

What can form huge molecules?

Answer 5

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 6

What are macromolecules built from?

Answer 6

monomers

Question 7

What are monomers built from

Answer 7

built from smaller molecules

Question 8

A chain of covalently attached monomers

Answer 8

polymer

Question 9

Polymer Synthesis (Assembly)

Answer 9

One H2O is released for every added monomer

Question 10

Polymer Breakdown (Disassembly)

Answer 10

One h2O is added for every monomer removed

Question 11

What do carbohydrates contain?

Answer 11

C, H, and O

Question 12

Why are carbohydrates necessary for?

Answer 12

-Provides energy for cells
-Provides structure for cells

Question 13

Basic unit or monomer of carbohydrates

Answer 13

monosaccharides

Question 14

Two monosaccharides join together through glycosidic bond

Answer 14

disaccharide (dimer)

Question 15

Monosaccharide

Answer 15

one sugar molecule

Question 16

Disaccharide

Answer 16

2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together

Question 17

Ogliosaccharide

Answer 17

3-10 monosaccharides

Question 18

Polysaccharide

Answer 18

> 10 monosaccharides

Question 19

Polarity of Carbohydrates

Answer 19

polar

Question 20

Solubility of carbohydrates

Answer 20

very soluble in aqueous solutions

Question 21

alpha

Answer 21

below

Question 22

beta

Answer 22

above

Question 23

what are the ring-form glucose forms

Answer 23

alpha (a) and beta (B) glucose

Question 24

Function of polysaccharides

Answer 24

-Store energy (a polymers)
-Structure (B polymers)

Question 25

What are the energy-storage polysaccharides in plants?

Answer 25

Starch

Question 26

What is starch?

Answer 26

-polymer of a-glucose -compact helical structure

Question 27

What are the energy-storage polysaccharides in animals?

Answer 27

Glycogen

Question 28

-Polymer of a-glucose -Stored in liver, heart, and skeletal muscle

Answer 28

Glycogen

Question 29

Since our cells can't take in big molecules like disaccharides and polysaccharides, what breaks it down to their monomers?

Answer 29

hydrolysis

Question 30

How does hydrolysis work?

Answer 30

bonds between two sugar monomers that need to be broken using water

Question 31

What are the polymers of B-form monosaccharides?

Answer 31

-Cellulose -Peptidoglycans -Chitin

Question 32

What is the plant cell wall?

Answer 32

cellulose

Question 33

What is the bacterial cell wall?

Answer 33

Peptidoglycan

Question 34

What is the fungal cell wall, insect exoskeleton, and crab shells?

Answer 34

chitin

Question 35

What is the most abundant organic molecule on Earth?

Answer 35

cellulose

Question 36

What is the principal component of plant cell walls?

Answer 36

Cellulose

Question 37

What do both cellulose and starch consist of?

Answer 37

strings of thousands or million glucose molecules

Question 38

Naturally occurring molecules from either plant or animal that is considered non polar because they contain non polar, hydrophobic functional groups

Answer 38

lipids

Question 39

What atoms do lipids mostly contain?

Answer 39

-Carbon -Hydrogen -Oxygen

Question 40

Functions of lipids?

Answer 40

-Long-term energy and insulation Forming cellular membranes -Regulation of growth/development -Protection and water-saving

Question 41

What are fats?

Answer 41

-Glycerol (3-carbon polyalcohol) -One or more fatty acids

Question 42

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 42

no C=C

Question 43

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Answer 43

One C=C

Question 44

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Answer 44

More than one C=C

Question 45

Presence of C=C affects the close packaging of fatty acyl tails

Answer 45

Triglycerides

Question 46

-Usually saturated fatty acids -Fatty acid tails tightly packed -Solid at room temp -Fats

Answer 46

Animal lipids

Question 47

-Usually unsaturated fatty acids -Fatty acid tails loosely packed -Liquid at room temp -Oils

Answer 47

Plant lipids

Question 48

-Major component of all bio membranes -Spontaneously self-assemble into bilayer in an aqueous environment

Answer 48

phospholipids

Question 49

Common steroids

Answer 49

-Sex hormones -Glucocorticoids (cortisol) -Mineral corticoids (aldosterone)

Question 50

-Strongly hydrophobic and can repel water -Solid at room temp due to high melting point -Provides a protective layer -Prevent water loss in plants -Guards our our drums from dust, dirt, insects

Answer 50

Waxes