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AP BIO > Chapter 3 Mastering Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Mastering Biology Flashcards

1
Q

why do fats separate from water?

A

water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and exclude the fats

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2
Q
  • Water molecules are formed when polymers are synthesized from monomers
  • occurs when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
A

dehydration reaction (aka condensation reaction)

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3
Q

two monosaccaraides

A

disaccharides

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4
Q

The complex carbohydrate that you are most likely to have eaten recently is

A

starch

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5
Q

A protein’s alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure.

A

third

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6
Q

What hormone is believed to help muscles absorb amino acids?

A

insulin

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7
Q

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

The presence of many C-C and C-H bonds causes fats to be

A
  • rich in energy.
  • insoluble in water.
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9
Q

When an RNA strand forms using DNA as a template,

A

uracil pairs with adenine and cytosine pairs with guanine

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10
Q

The large diversity of biological molecules depends on atoms of the element __________. This element can make stable bonds to itself and to atoms of other elements. Without this element, the large macromolecules that make up most of the molecules in living organisms would not be possible

A

carbon

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11
Q

Lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are

A

hydrophobic

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12
Q

A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules: ____ and fatty acids

A

glycerol

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13
Q

A fatty acid consists of a ____ and a long hydrocarbon chain.

A

carboxyl group

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14
Q

________ have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains and are usually found in vegetable oils.

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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15
Q

the hydrocarbon chains of _______ are not kinked, and thus pack closely together, making animal fats solid at room temperature.

A

saturated fatty acids

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16
Q

______ are a major component of cell membranes. They form a bilayer with their hydrophobic tails mingling together and their hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment on both sides of the membrane.

A

phospholipids

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17
Q

______ are lipids with a structure consisting of 4 fused rings. many sex hormones are made from this type of lipid.

A

steroids

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18
Q

how much of a cell is water? What does the rest of a cell consist of?

A

70-95%. Carbon-based compounds

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19
Q

what is carbon unparalleled in its ability to form?

A

large, complex, and diverse molecules.

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20
Q

Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of ______

A

carbon compounds.

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21
Q

study of compounds that contain carbon and such organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones

A

organic chemistry

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22
Q

What two atoms are contained in most organic compounds

A

hydrogen and carbon atoms

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23
Q

four classes of large biological molecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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24
Q

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

A

macromolecules

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25
Q

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

A

polymer

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26
Q

small building block molecules that build up polymers

A

monomers

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27
Q

what 3 of the 4 classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers

A

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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28
Q

macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process

A

enzymes

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29
Q

the process by which polymers are disassembled to monomers. It is a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration process.

A

hydrolysis

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30
Q

include sugars and the polymers of sugars

A

carbohydrates

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31
Q

what are the simplest carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides (single sugars)

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32
Q

Carbohydrate macromolecules are ______, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

A

polysaccharides

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33
Q

have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O

A

monosaccharides

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34
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

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35
Q

the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers

A

lipids

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36
Q

what is the unifying feature of lipids?

A

having little or no affinity for water

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37
Q

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

A

because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form non polar covalent bonds

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38
Q

What are the most biologically important lipids?

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

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39
Q

What two smaller molecules form fats?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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40
Q

3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

A

Glycerol

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41
Q

consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

A

fatty acid

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42
Q

In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage, creating a _____

A

triacylglycerol, or triglyceride

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43
Q

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds.

A

saturated fatty acids

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44
Q

have one or more double bonds

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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45
Q

fats made from saturated fatty acids are called ________ and are ______ at room temperature.

A

saturated fatty acids; solid

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46
Q

fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called _______ or _____, and are _____ at room temperature.

A

unsaturated fats; oils; liquid

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47
Q

are most animal fats saturated or unsaturated?

A

saturated

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48
Q

are most plant and fish fats saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

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49
Q

proteins account for more that ____ of the dry mass of most cells.

A

50%

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50
Q

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign substances

A

What are the functions of protein?

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51
Q

enzymes are a type of protein that acts as a ______ to speed up chemical reactions

A

catalyst

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52
Q

the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide that is programmed by a unit of inheritance

A

gene

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53
Q

which organic molecule does DNA belong to?

A

nucleic acid

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54
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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55
Q

DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA and through mRNA, controls _______

A

protein synthesis

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56
Q

What is a characteristic of an organic molecule?

A

Compounds containing carbon are said to be organic.

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57
Q

Monomers are linked together with…

A

the removal of a water molecule by dehydration synthesis.

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58
Q

In a hydrolysis reaction, _____. In this process, water is _____.

A

A polymer breaks up to form monomers … consumed

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59
Q

to break water

A

Hydrolysis

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60
Q

Monomers are connected in a reaction in which two molecules are bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule; this is called a

A

dehydration synthesis.

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61
Q
  • Sugars are mainly used by our bodies _____.
  • Simple sugar molecules are a major _______ for cellular work.
A

fuel

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62
Q

One characteristic shared by sucrose and maltose is _____.

A

disaccharides

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63
Q

Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____.

A

polymer … glucose molecules

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64
Q

Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cattle get enough nutrients from eating grass?

A

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose.

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65
Q

In what polysaccharide form do plants store sugar to be available later for energy?

A

starch

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66
Q

Glycogen is _____.

A

a polysaccharide found in animals

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67
Q

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

A

maltose + water … dehydration synthesis

68
Q

Which of these is a source of lactose?

A

milk

69
Q

a carbohydrate composed of many monomers.

A

Cellulose

70
Q

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

A

cellulose

71
Q

Starch is a storage polysaccharide of

A

plants

72
Q

Many carbohydrates are a source

A

of energy.

73
Q

Glucose and fructose are

A

isomers

74
Q

molecules that share the same chemical composition but differ in their final structures are called

A

isomers

75
Q

Which is the correct term for compounds that do not mix with water?

A

hydrophilic

76
Q

A fatty acid containing at least two double bonds is called _____.

A

monounsaturated

77
Q

Cholesterol belongs to which class of molecules

A

lipids

78
Q

RNA is a

A

nucleic acid

79
Q

olive oil is a

A

monounsaturated fat

80
Q

a chain of amino acids that have been linked together by dehydration synthesis is called a

A

polypeptide

81
Q

a peptide bond binds _____.

A

amino acids

82
Q

The building blocks of proteins are called _____.

A

amino acids

83
Q

A polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids bonded together by __________.

A

peptide bonds

84
Q

the building blocks of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.

A

nucleotides

85
Q

People with lactose intolerance produce insufficient amounts of _______.

A

the enzyme, lactase

86
Q

Lactase breaks down lactose to ________ that can be digested.

A

smaller sugars

87
Q

Why might northern Europeans have evolved lactose tolerance?

A

to increase options for nutrient intake in an environment with a short growing season

88
Q

The ability ________ would increase the options for acquiring necessary nutrients.

A

drink milk from herd animals

89
Q

Which one of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract with the least digestion?

A

cellulose (in the lettuce)

90
Q

Cellulose contains bonds that cannot be broken by…

A

human digestive enzymes

91
Q

What is the main sugar used by cells for energy?

A

glucose

92
Q

What is the main sugar used by cells for energy?

A

glucose

93
Q

Cells consume glucose for energy in the process of …

A

cell respiration

94
Q

Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____.

A

cellulose

95
Q

The polysaccharide called ______ is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells.

A

cellulose

96
Q

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by _____.

A

adding hydrogens

97
Q

The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that __________.

A

none of them dissolve in water

98
Q

Lipids are _________, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low.

A

nonpolar

99
Q

Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein’s function is largely determined by its _____.

A

shape

100
Q

The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____.

A

amino acids

101
Q

What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?

A

altered function based on which acid

102
Q

Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex.

A

fourth

103
Q

Many people believe you should consume carbohydrates and proteins in what ratio following a long workout?

A

4:1

104
Q

What are the constituent parts of proteins?

A

amino acids

105
Q

What is the primary fuel source for muscles?

A

glycogen

106
Q

A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called a _____.

A

gene

107
Q

A gene is a discrete unit of.

A

hereditary information

108
Q

How does DNA compare to RNA?

A

DNA and RNA consist of monomers called nucleotides.

109
Q

Nucleotides are the building blocks for both types of nucleic acids called

A

RNA and DNA

110
Q

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____.

A

DNA

111
Q

The backbone of a nucleic acid consists of alternating ________

A

sugar and phosphate groups

112
Q

One difference between RNA and DNA?

A

In RNA uracil is substituted for thymine

113
Q

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

A

dehydration synthesis

114
Q

Protein polymers are made up of ______________ monomers.

A

amino acid

115
Q

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of _____________ monomers

A

nucleotide

116
Q

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _____________ monomers.

A

simple sugar

117
Q

May store hereditary information, may store energy, and may protect cells.

A

Polymers that contain sugars

118
Q

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

A

Cellulose

119
Q

Which of these is a polysaccharide?

A

cellulose

120
Q

In fat synthesis,________and fatty acids combine to make fats plus________.

A

glycerol; water

121
Q

In the reaction that builds a fat,________ groups react with ________ groups.

A

hydroxyl; carboxyl

122
Q

Triglycerides vary with respect to the number of

A

-atoms in the tails.
-double bonds in the tails.

123
Q

A food company hydrogenated a barrel of fat. The treatment __

A

made the fat less fluid.

124
Q

The most unsaturated fats have

A

the most double bonds.

125
Q

What do DNA, proteins, and fats have in common?

A

They contain carbonyl groups.

126
Q

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?

A

Low solubility in water.

127
Q

Dr. Haxton told one of his students, “To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids.” What would a good student say?

A

Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren’t compatible with water.

128
Q

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.

A

as a component of animal cell membranes

129
Q

Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system.

A

immune

130
Q

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.

A

hydrogen bonds

131
Q

DNA is composed of building blocks called _____.

A

nucleotides

132
Q

DNA has the appearance of a _____.

A

double helix

133
Q

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5’-ATTTGC-3’, what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

A

3’-TAAACG-5’

134
Q

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?

A

75

135
Q

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

A

hydrogen bonds

136
Q

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.

A

phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

137
Q

Which element is closely associated with the field of organic chemistry?

A

carbon

138
Q

N,A

A

SAY 5 AND GO

139
Q

Although the structures of the functional groups important to life (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate) vary in chemical structure, they share one thing in common: They _____.

A

all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound’s water solubility

140
Q

The reaction that joins two monomers to form a polymer is known as a _____ reaction. The molecule of water formed is due to the interaction between _____ and a hydrogen ion.

A

dehydration … a hydroxyl group

141
Q

What one characteristic is shared by sucrose and maltose?

A

They are all disaccharides.

142
Q

When two monosaccharides link to form a disaccharide, the by-product is __________.

A

water

143
Q

Which of the following sugars CAN be accurately represented by the formula C6H12O6?

A

possibly glucose or fructose

144
Q

In the process of converting cornstarch into high fructose corn syrup, one of the first products is _____. Then, enzymes are used to convert some of this product to fructose.

A

glucose

145
Q

The oil and vinegar in your salad dressing remain separate from one another due to the _____ properties of the oil.

A

hydrophobic

146
Q

Double bonds are present in the majority of the fats of which of the following foods?

A

peanuts

147
Q

types of fat increases heart attack risk the most?

A

trans fat

148
Q

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are _____.

A

phospholipids

149
Q

Some athletes use anabolic steroids to build their body mass. Why is this considered a problematic practice, especially in adolescents?

A

Anabolic steroids can prevent bone growth.

150
Q

Proteins are an important class of molecules because of the functions they perform. Proteins can _____.

A

act as signal receptors to receive signals in cell communication

151
Q

egg white can be classified as which type of protein?

A

Ovalbumin is main protein found in egg which constitutes 55% of total protein (storage)

152
Q

Which condition is irrelevant, to some extent, to the maintenance of protein structure in your body?

A

environmental temperature

153
Q

Information dictating the primary sequence of a polypeptide is permanently maintained within a cell .

A

dna

154
Q

How does DNA differ from RNA?

A

RNA contains ribose, DNA does not.

155
Q

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____.

A

DNA

156
Q

When an RNA strand forms using DNA as a template, _____.

A

uracil pairs with adenine and cytosine pairs with guanine

157
Q

Which element is closely associated with the field of organic chemistry?

A

carbon

158
Q

What does the term amino acid signify about the structure of the molecule?

A

It consists of an amino group and a carboxyl group.

159
Q

HXBHSBUX

A

5 AND GO

160
Q

Lactose is a disaccharide (two monosaccharides joined together). To metabolize lactose, individuals require an enzyme known as lactase. What is true about this reaction?

A

The reaction hydrolyzes the sugar.

161
Q

When two monosaccharides link to form a disaccharide, the by-product is __________.

A

water

162
Q

The production of high fructose corn syrup involves the hydrolysis of __________ from corn into __________, followed by its enzymatic conversion.

A

starch … glucose

163
Q

Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

A

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose.

164
Q

When you eat a plant, you derive energy from the stored __________, but not from the __________ component.

A

starch … cellulose

165
Q

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by _____.

A

adding hydrogens

AP BIO (2 decks)

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