Chapter 3 - Matter

Question 1

In biogeochemical cycles, the material in these cycles ________ and the energy that drives these cycles ________.

a. must be constantly renewed; must be constantly renewed
b. must be constantly renewed; remained indefinitely
c. remains indefinitely; must be constantly renewed
d. remained indefinitely; remained indefinitely

Answer 1

c. remains indefinitely; must be constantly renewed

Question 2

___________ hold their shape to a certain extent, but they are also jellylike and are easily deformed.

a. solids
b. aerosols
c. colloids
d. plasmas
e. liquids

Answer 2

c. colloids

Question 3

Which of the following pairs of compounds are considered inorganic?

a. diamonds and carbon dioxide
b. proteins and bipolymers
c. biopolymers and diamonds
d. biopolymers and carbon dioxide
e. proteins and diamonds

Answer 3

a. diamonds and carbon dioxide

Question 4

Which are the two most abundant elements of the earth’s continental crust?

a. oxygen and silicon
b. iron and aluminum
c. iron and oxygen
d. silicon and aluminum
e. oxygen and aluminum

Answer 4

a. oxygen and silicon

Question 5

When regolith contains organic matter, it is:

a. soil
b. clastic sediment
c. alluvium
d. chemical sediment

Answer 5

a. soil

Question 6

Regolith becomes a type of _______, which is then known as _________ if it is transported.

a. alluvium; sediment
b. sediment; clastic
c. sediment; alluvium
d. clastic; sediment
e. alluvium; clastic

Answer 6

c. sediment; alluvium

Question 7

Some forms of carbohydrates cannot be digested by humans

True or False

Answer 7

True

Question 8

A thin section is often used to example the _______ of a rock

a. density
b. hardness
c. texture
d. cleavage
e. luster

Answer 8

c. texture

Question 9

It is not possible for materials to coexist in two different phases but in the same state

True or False

Answer 9

False

Question 10

Metamorphic rock cannot be formed from igneous rock

True or False

Answer 10

False

Question 11

Isotopes of the same element have the same number of __________ but different numbers of _________.

a. protons; electrons
b. neutrons; electrons
c. neutrons; protons
d. electrons; protons
e. protons; neutrons

Answer 11

e. protons; neutrons

Question 12

Water and lava are both liquids

True or False

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Which of the following gives the correct layering of the earth, from interior to surface?

a. mantle, crust, core
b. core, crust, mantle
c. crust, mantle, core
d. core, mantle, crust
e. crust, core, mantle

Answer 13

d . core, mantle, crust

Question 14

in polymerization,

a. a mixture is created by joining multiple compounds
b. small molecules are linked together to for long chains or three-dimensional networks
c. compounds are joined only by iconic bond
d. more than two compounds have been added to a mixture

Answer 14

b. small molecules are linked together to for long chains or three-dimensional networks

Question 15

a glass of water with ice cubes would contain:

a. the same states and the same phases
b. different states but the same phase
c. different phases but the same state
d. different states and difference phases

Answer 15

d . different states and difference phases

Question 16

Genes are regions of DNA coded for specific proteins that perform particular functions.

True or False

Answer 16

True

Question 17

A glass containing a layer of oil on top of a layer of water would contain:

a. different states and different phases
b. different states but the same phase
c. the same states and the same phases
d. different phases but the same state

Answer 17

d. different phases but the same state

Question 18

In the _____ state, matter has a definite volume but its constituent atoms are able to flow freely past one another; the material does not retain its own shape but conforms to the shape of its container, taking on a free surface under the influence of gravity

a. plasma
b. solid
c. liquid
d. gas

Answer 18

c. liquid

Question 19

The presence of fossils indicates a specimen is which type of rock?

a. sedimentary
b. igneous
c. volcanic
d. plutonic
e. metamorphic

Answer 19

a. sedimentary

Question 20

The example of water and oil in the same container that are separated is an example of two phases existing together with only one state

True or False

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What is solid state?

Answer 21

In the solid state, matter is firm or compact in substance with a definite volume and density, and tends to retain its shape even if it is not confined, because its constituent atoms are fixed in position relative to each other.

Question 22

What is liquid state?

Answer 22

In the liquid state, matter has a definite volume but is constituent atoms are able to flow freely past one another; the material does not retain its own shape but conforms to the shape of its container, taking on a free surface under the influence of gravity.

Question 23

What is the vapor (or gas) state?

Answer 23

where the matter takes on the shape of the container in which it is contained, filling the container completely (or escaping into space if it is not confined), while its constituent atoms can move freely and acquire a uniform distribution within the container.

Question 24

What are the three common state of matter?

Answer 24

solid, liquid, and gas

Question 25

Can matter coexist in various states and phases?

Answer 25

Yes, for example: ## Footnote Matter can coexist in various states and phases. In (A), matter of uniform composition (H2O) coexists in two different states (liquid and solid) and two different phases (water and ice), separated by physical boundaries. In (B), different phases coexist in the same state (oil and water, both liquids; different types of beans, all solids). In (C), there is only one phase and one state, as is always the case with gases.

Question 26

What is an atom?

Answer 26

An atom is the smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive properties of a given chemical element * Atoms are built of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus

Question 27

What is an atomic number?

Answer 27

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number.

Question 28

What is atomic mass?

Answer 28

The sum of neutrons and the protons in the nucleus is the atomic mass.

Question 29

What are isotopes?

Answer 29

Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers * Some isotopes are radioactive, and can be used in radioactive dating

Question 30

Why is an atom electrically neutral?

Answer 30

because the positive charge of the protons balances with the negative charge of the electrons An atom that has excess positive or negative charge is called an ion * A positive ion is a cation * A negative ion is an anion * Compounds form when anions and cations combine to form a bond * The smallest unit that retains all the properties of a compound is called a molecule

Question 31

Organic Matter - Review Possibly the most fundamental compositional distinction is that of organic and inorganic matter * Organic applies specifically to compounds consisting of carbon atoms bonded together by covalent bonds * In addition organic implies that the compound is biotic in origin A common characteristic of organic compounds is their tendency to occur in long chain-like structures called polymers Important biopolymers in the Earth system * Proteins: chains of bonded amino acids * Nucleic acids: (e.g. DNA) built of nucleotides * Carbohydrates: the basis for most food we eat, a carbon-hydrogen-oxygen compound

Question 32

What are lipids?

Answer 32

another important family of organic molecules, which are not polymers and include * Fats and oils * Phospholipids * Waxes * Steroids

Question 33

What are the three major compositional layers in the earth?

Answer 33

Core: metallic iron solid inner core and liquid outer core Mantle: dense rocky matter Crust: thin, less dense rocky matter

Question 34

Minerals are or have:

Answer 34

–Naturally formed –Inorganic –Solid –Specific chemical composition –Characteristic crystal structure

Question 35

What are the two characteristics that best allow the study of minerals?

Answer 35

1. Crystal structure: the way the atoms of the elements are packed together 2. Composition: the major chemical elements that are present and their proportions

Question 36

What distinct properties are minerals identified by? ## Footnote –Crystal form and growth habit –Cleavage –Luster –Hardness and specific gravity –Color

Question 37

What is cleavage?

Answer 37

A mineral’s tendency to break in preferred directions along weak planar surfaces

Question 38

What is lister, color, streak

Answer 38

* The quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral surface is luster * Color is often not a reliable means of identification, as it can be determined by chemical impurities in the composition * Color in opaque minerals can be a property of grain size, this can be resolved using the mineral’s streak

Question 39

What is hardness?

Answer 39

–This term refers to the relative resistance of a mineral to being scratched –This is governed by the crystal structure and the strength of chemical bonds –Hardness is classified using Moh’s relative hardness scale, which has 10 hardnesses that are not at equal intervals

Question 40

What is a rock?

Answer 40

* A rock is any naturally formed, nonliving, coherent aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet, asteroid, moon, or other planetary object

Question 41

How many families of rocks are there and describe them

Answer 41

There are three families of rocks: Igneous: formed from the cooling and consolidation of magma or lava Sedimentary: formed from either chemical precipitation of material or deposition of particles transported in suspension Metamorphic: formed from changing a rock as a result of high temperatures, high pressures, or both

Question 42

What is regolith?

Answer 42

* Rock exposed at Earth’s surface is susceptible to alteration by the action of water, wind, and other agents that physically and chemically break it apart and alter it * This broken-up, disintegrated rock matter is called the regolith