Chapter 3- Nations and Society

Question 1

Society Definition:

Answer 1

-broad term that refers to complex human organization

-collection of ppl bound by shared institutions

-define how human relations should be conducted

Question 2

Ethnic Identity/ Ethnicity Definition:

Answer 2

• emphasizes a person’s relationship with other members of society, ascriptive
• set of institutions that bind ppl together through a common culture
• not inherently political

-includes language, religion, geographic locations, customs, appearance, and history

Question 3

Ascription Definition:

Answer 3

• the assigning of or attribution of certain qualities at birth

Question 4

Nation Definition:

Answer 4

• A group that desires self-government through an independent state

-inherently political

Question 5

Citizenship Definition:

Answer 5

• individual’s relationship to the state; citizens swear allegiance to the state

-state, in return, is obligated to provide rights

-purely political and the base for patriotism

Question 6

National Identity:

Answer 6

• institution that binds ppl together through common political aspirations

-inherently political

-sense of belonging in a nation

-emphasizes self-government and sovereignty

-often develops from ethnic identity

Question 7

Patriotism Definition:

Answer 7

• pride in one’s state and citizenship

Question 8

Nationalism Definition:

Answer 8

• pride in one’s ppl and the belief that they have a unique political destiny

-may lead to xenophobia and jingoism

Question 9

Nation-State Definition:

Answer 9

• sovereign state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent

Question 10

Ethnic Conflict Definition:

Answer 10

• conflict in which different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other’s expense

Question 11

National Conflict Definition:

Answer 11

• groups involved seek to gain sovereignty

-clash with one another over issues of autonomy

Question 12

Views on National & Ethnic Conflicts:

Answer 12

• Societal explanations emphasize such issues as heterogeneity
• Economic explanations emphasize poverty and struggle for natural or other resources
• Political explanations emphasize state capacity or autonomy and the type of regime

Question 13

Political Attitudes Definitions:

Answer 13

• concerned w one’s veiws regarding the speed and methods with which political changes should take place

-usually on a spectrum of left-right

Question 14

Radicals Definition:

Answer 14

• extreme left
• believe in dramatic, revolutionary change

-believe the current system is broken and cannot
simply be improved or repaired

Question 15

Liberals Definition:

Answer 15

• political attitude that favors revolutionary change

-believes existing institutions can be instruments of positive change

Question 16

Reactionaries Definition:

Answer 16

• seeks to return to a previous state of affairs
  -nostalgic
  -ex. maga

Question 17

Political Ideologies Definition:

Answer 17

-Sets of political values regarding the fundamental goals of politics.
-Exemplified by five dominant modern ideologies: liberalism, communism, social democracy, fascism, and anarchism.
-Universalistic: not specific to one country or time.
-Distinct from political attitudes.

Question 18

Conservative Definition:

Answer 18

-As a political attitude: favoring slow, evolutionary change.
-As a political ideology outside North America: favoring free markets and individualism, accepting greater inequality.
-As a political ideology in North America: favoring a greater state role in limiting inequality; many outside the region would call this ideology “social democracy.”
-As a political-economic system: favoring a limited state role in the economy.

Question 19

Communism Definition:

Answer 19

-As a political attitude: favoring slow, evolutionary change.
As a political ideology outside North America: favoring free markets and individualism, accepting greater inequality.
As a political ideology in North America: favoring a greater state role in limiting inequality; many outside the region would call this ideology “social democracy.”
As a political-economic system: favoring a limited state role in the economy.

-radical

Question 20

Socialism Definition:

Question 21

Fascism Definition:

Question 22

Anarchism Definition:

Answer 22

-Stresses the elimination of the state and private property as the only way to achieve both a high degree of personal freedom and social equality for all.

-radical

Question 23

Fundamentalism Definition:

Question 24

Political Culture Definition:

Answer 24

-the basic norms for political activity in a society

Question 25

Social Democracy Definition:

Answer 25

• Supports private property and markets but believes the state has a strong role to play in regulating the economy and providing benefits to the public; seeks to balance freedom and equality.

-liberal