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PSYCO 104 > Chapter 3 Neural Bases of Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Neural Bases of Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Define neurons

A

Basic building blocks of the nervous system - The cells that link together the bodies circuitry

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2
Q

What are the three main parts of the neuron?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
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3
Q

What is another term for the cell body of the neuron?

A

soma

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4
Q

Describe the cell body of the neuron

A

Contains the structure is necessary for the neuron to stay alive and the nucleus contains the genetic information that the neuron needs to function and develop - It also combines and processes incoming information.

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5
Q

Describe the dendrites of the neuron

A

Branch like fibres that emerge from the cell body that are specialized receiving units That provide input from neighbouring neurons and send the electrical impulse on to the cell body

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6
Q

Describe the axon of the neuron

A

Conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles or glands

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7
Q

What branches out of the axon?

A

Axon terminal’s which may connect with other dendrites from other neurons

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8
Q

Describe the structural elements of a neuron

A
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9
Q

how are neurons supported in their functions?

A

glial cells

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10
Q

Describe glial cells

A
  • surround neurons and hold them in place
  • Manufacture or transport proteins
  • Form the myelin sheath around some axons
  • Absorb toxins and waste materials that might damage neurons
  • Guide neurons to specialized positions during prenatal brain development
  • Protects the brain from toxins
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11
Q

What keeps foreign substances from gaining access to the brain?

A

blood brain barrier - Glial cells and the small gaps in the blood vessels found in the brain

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12
Q

What two important things do neurons do?

A
  1. generate electricity
  2. release chemicals that allow them to communicate with other neurons and with muscles and glands
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13
Q

What are the three basic steps of nerve activation?

A
  1. at rest, neuron has a resting electron potiential due to distribution of positively and negatively charged chemicals otuside and inside of cell respectively
  2. When stimulated a flow of ions in and out through the cell membrane reverses the electrical charge of the resting potential, producing an action potential or nerve impulse
  3. the original distribution of ions is restored and the nueron is again at ret and capable of being activated again
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14
Q

describe ion channels

A

proteins embedded in the semipermeable neuron membrane that allow the passage of select substances

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15
Q

What creates a nerver impulse?

A

exhange of ions

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16
Q

Describe ions

A

electrically charged atoms

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17
Q

What ions are present in the fluid outside the neurons?

A

Na+ & Cl-

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18
Q

What ions are present inside the neurons?

A

A- (anions) & K+

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19
Q

Describe the neurons resting potential

A

An uneven distribution of ions inside and outside of cell that makes the inside more negative due to high concentration of negatively charged proteins interiorly and high concentration of positively charged Na+ exteriorly.

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20
Q

What state is the neuron in at resting potential?

A

State of polarization

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21
Q

When the neuron is not being stimulated what is the difference in the electrical charge?

A

-70mV between the interior and the surface of the cell

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22
Q

What maintains the negative interior of the neuron?

A

sodium-potassium pump - pumps out 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ that comes in

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23
Q

How does the electrical charge change during an action potential?

A

sodium is pumped into the axon and the charge changes from -70mV to +40mV

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24
Q

How does the action potential move down the length of the neuron?

A

Once neuron is stimulated, Na+ channels will open up in certain area changing the electrical charge and immediately after they close the K+ channel will open to pump K+ out restoring the resting charge and then adjacent Na+ pumps will open and this cycle will repeat down the length of the axon.

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25
Q

Show in a graph how the changes in potential would look

A
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26
Q

Describe action potential

A

sudden reversal in cells membrane voltage momentarily moves from -70mV ot +40mV inside the cell based off of the movement of Na+ and K+ movement across the cell membrane

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27
Q

Describe depolarization

A

shift from negative to positive voltage

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28
Q

Describe the reflex action

A

when Na+ channels close after depolarization and postively charged K+ flow out restoring the negative resting potential

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29
Q

What are the four stages of an action potential?

A
  1. polarization
  2. depolarization
  3. reflex action
  4. absolute refractory period
30
Q

describe the absolute refractory period

A

Recovery period as the original distribution of ions is reastiblished so cannot generate an action potenital during this period and due to this potential can only travel in one direction down axon

31
Q

describe the all or none law

A

for a specific type of neuron, action potentials occur at a uniform and maximum intensity or they do not occur at all

32
Q

Describe the action potential threshold

A

before the action potenital will be triggered, the charge inside the neuron must change from -70Mv to about -50Mv

33
Q

Describe graded potentials

A

changes in the negative resting potential that do not reach -50Mv but over but over several neurons could add up to maybe cause an action potential

34
Q

Describe the myelin sheath

A

A fatty insulation layer that coats the outside of many axons and is derived from glial cells durin development

35
Q

Describe the nodes of Ranvier

A

interruptions in the myelin sheath at regular intervals where the sheath is nonexistant or thinner

36
Q

How does the electrical impulse move along a mylenated axon?

A

skips from node to node - so faster and fewer action potential required than for unmylenated neurons

37
Q

What is a disease resulting from damaged myelin sheath?

A

Multiple sclerosis

38
Q

Describe multiple sclerosis

A

When a person own immune system attacks the myelin sheath

39
Q

Describe a synapse

A

Where neurons communicate with each other through a functional connection but do not physically touch each other through the release of chemicals that carry the message from one neuron to the next in an organized circuit

40
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

The tiny gap that exists between the axon terminal of one end and the dendrite of the next neuron

41
Q

Describe neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that are produced and released from neurons that carry messages across the synapse he either excite or inhibit the activity of the next cell

42
Q

What are the five steps of chemical communication between neurons?

A
  1. synthesis
  2. storage
  3. release
  4. binding
  5. deactivation
43
Q

Describe the synthesis stage of chemical communication?

A

process whereby the chemical molecules are formed inside the neuron

44
Q

Describe the storage stage of chemical communication

A

Synaptic vesicles within the axon terminal store the molecules produced in the neuron.

45
Q

Describe the release stage of chemical communication

A

When an action potential comes down the axon, the chemicals being stored within the synaptic vesicles dock to the surface of the axon terminal and release the contents to the synaptic cleft.

46
Q

Describe the bind stage of chemical communication

A

Molecules released from the presynaptic neurons move across the cleft and bind to receptor sites of the post synaptic neuron.

47
Q

Describe the receptor sites of the post synaptic neuron

A

large protein molecules embedded in the post synaptic neuron membrane that have a specially shaped surfaces to bind to specific neurotransmitters. Once binded the neurotransmitter has an effect.

48
Q

What two effects can a neurotransmitter have once it binds to a receptor?

A

Neurotransmitter will either depolarize or hyperpolarize the post synaptic cell membrane

49
Q

What happens when a neurotransmitter depolarizes the post synaptic cell membrane?

A

Excites the membrane causing an influx of Na+ ions making it more likely to reach the threshold to instigate an action potential.

50
Q

General term for the transmitters that cause depolarization

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

51
Q

What happens when a neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes the post synpatic membrane?

A

Creates a more negative potential at the membrane so that an action potential is less likely to occur

52
Q

General term for transmitters that create hyperpolarization

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

53
Q

Describe the deactivation stage of chemical communication

A

Once a neurotransmitter has bonded to its receptor site it continues to either excite or inhibit the neuron until its actions are stopped

54
Q

What two major ways does deactivation occur?

A
  • Some neurotransmitters are broken down to their orginal components by other chemicals in the synaptic cleft
  • Otherwise through uptake whereby the released neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the presynaptic terminal
55
Q

How are drugs psychological effects determined?

A

By which specific neurotransmitter receptors the drug targets

56
Q

What are seven common neurotransmitters?

A
  • glutamite (glutamic acid)
  • GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
  • Acetylcholine (ACh)
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Endorphines
57
Q

Describe the major function of glutamate

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter; Found throughout the brain and involved in control of all behaviour especially important in learning and memory

58
Q

Describe the major functions of GABA

A

Inhibitory transmitter; Found throughout the brain; involved in control of all behaviours, especially important in anxiety and motor control

59
Q

Describe the major function of acetylcholine

A

Excitatory add synopsis and is involved in muscular movement and memory

60
Q

Describe the major functions of norepinephrine

A

Excitatory and inhibitory functions at various sites; Involved in neural circuits controlling learning, memory, wakefulness, and eating

61
Q

Describe the major function of serotonin

A

Inhibitory it more sites; Involved in mood sleep eating and arousalAnd may be an important transmitter underlying pleasure and pain

62
Q

Describe the major function of dopamine

A

Can be inhibitory or excitatory; Involved in voluntary movement emotional arousal motivation experiencing pleasure and learning

63
Q

Describe the major function of endorphins

A

Inhibit the transmission of pain impulses

64
Q

what are disorders associated with malfunctioning GABA?

A
  • Huntingtons disease
  • personality changes
65
Q

what are disorders associated with malfunctioning Acetylcholine?

A
  • Undersupply causes memory loss and Alzheimer’s disease
  • Over supply causes muscle contractions and convulsions
66
Q

what are disorders associated with malfunctioning Norepinephrine?

A
  • Under supply may cause depression
  • Oversupply may cause stress and panic disorders
67
Q

what are disorders associated with malfunctioning serotonin?

A

depression, eating and sleeping disorders

68
Q

what are disorders associated with malfunctioning Dopamine?

A
  • Under supplied Parkinson’s disease and depression
  • Oversupply schizophrenia
69
Q

what are disorders associated with malfunctioning endorphins?

A
  • Oversupply and sensitivity to pain
  • Under supply pain hypersensitivity and immunity problems
70
Q

Describe neuromodulators

A

More general and widespread influence on synaptic transmission And can either increase or decrease the sensitivity of neurons to the specific neurotransmitters. Play a role in functions such as eating sleep and stress.

PSYCO 104 (44 decks)

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