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The Making of Modern China 🇨🇳 > Chapter 3: Opening up China to foreigners (1860-70) > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Opening up China to foreigners (1860-70) Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Treaty of Tianjin signed?

A

1860

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2
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Tianjin?

A
  • Foreign powers had the rights to house their ambassadors in the capital
  • Christian missionaries could travel and preach freely throughout China
  • 10 further treaty ports opened on Yangtze River, Manchuria, Shandong, Guandong, Taiwan
  • Taxes on foreign imports lowered
  • Foreign ships given right of passage in all Chinese ports
  • Opium trade legalised
  • $4 million indemnity
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3
Q

What conflict resulted in the Treaty of Tianjin being drawn up?

A

The Second Opium War.

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4
Q

When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?

A

1842

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5
Q

Which two events triggered the start of the Second Opium War?

A
  • Chinese officials boarding and arresting the crew of a British ship called the Arrow
  • The murder of a French Catholic missionary
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6
Q

What did China’s failure to oppose Britain and France result in?

A

The USA and Russia pressing territorial and trade claims.

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7
Q

Why did Britain and France re-attack Tianjin in 1859?

A
  • After agreements to ratify the treaty in 1859, diplomats travelled to Tianjin where the emperor opposed the establishment of embassies in Beijing
  • The forts of Tianjin had been repaired and the river had been blocked off
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8
Q

When was the Burning of the Summer Palace?

A

1860

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9
Q

What happened in the Burning of the Summer Palace?

A
  • 20,000 British troops marched on the palace in Beijing
  • The palace was looted and burnt to the ground
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10
Q

Why was the Summer Palace burnt?

A
  • Punishment for the imprisonment and execution of British negotiators sent to Tianjin
  • An act of war against China
  • A message to China that it must comply with foreign powers
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11
Q

What was the Convention of Beijing?

A

An addition to the original Treaty of Tianjin ratified in 1860.

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12
Q

What were the terms of the Convention of Beijing?

A
  • The emperor apologised for the treatment of British envoys
  • A further indemnity of $8 million was to be paid
  • Chinese emigration on British ships was to be permitted
  • Tianjin was opened as a treaty port
  • The British colony of Hong Kong was expanded
  • Territory north of Korea was ceded to Russia, becoming the port and city of Vladivostok
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13
Q

Why did the Western powers want to defend the Qing empire after the Treaty of Tianjin?

A
  • All the concessions, trading rights, agreements and privileges had been created in the imperial system.
  • Under new leadership, the Westerners would have to re-negotiate terms with whichever regime replaced the Qing’s
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14
Q

How and why did China’s relationship with the West shift after the Treaty of Tianjin was ratified?

A

They went from being enemies to allies, as the West’s interests in China gave them cause to support her growth and development.

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15
Q

What was the Ever Victorious Army and what did they do in August 1860?

A
  • A foreign army established in 1860 fighting on the behalf of the Qing empire
  • Defended Shanghai against an attack from the Taiping rebels
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16
Q

What political and diplomatic truth did Prince Gong have to accept after signing on to the Treaty of Tianjin and the Convention of Beijing?

A
  • Foreign powers had become equal in status to China
  • Chinese isolationism had come to an end
  • China was forced to accept Western means and military support to survive
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17
Q

What was the sentiment behind the Self-Strengthening Movement?

A

China needed to modernise and accept parts of Western development to learn how to overcome it.

18
Q

What was the Qing officials’ approach to self-strengthening?

A

The mandate of heaven had been restored with the new Tongzhi Emperor, and all that was needed was Western-style militarisation.

19
Q

How was China modernised during the Self-Strengthening Movement?

A
  • Jiangnan Shipyard commissioned in Shanghai in 1865 and another in Nanking, mass producing ships, guns and cannons
  • Tianjin machine factory, Fuzhou Arsenal established
  • Students of domestic and international affairs sent to study abroad
20
Q

What was the impact of Tianjin on foreign trade in China?

A
  • Trade spread inland via ports on the Yangtze
  • Coastal outlets imported European goods
  • Cotton was imported and textile mills established
  • Fixed low tariffs on imports led to an influx of British imports
  • More foreign merchants and businesses began trading in China
  • Compradors emerged
21
Q

Who were the compradors?

A
  • Chinese who aided foreign firms with their dealings in China
  • Investors in foreign firms
  • China’s first entrepreneurs
22
Q

What was the state of inland China after Tianjin?

A
  • Peasants were too poor to purchase industrial goods
  • Many provinces suffered from famines
  • The Qing government offered little help
23
Q

How did Qing officials feel about the growth of foreign trade in China?

A
  • Conservative circles disapproved and saw it as incompatible with traditional Confucian values
  • Progressive economic reformers believed that the Qing should actively support modernisation as a way to ensure the empire’s survival
24
Q

How did the increase of foreign trade help China?

A

China was able to develop in peace:
- The Taiping and Nian Rebellions were put down
- China no longer faced a threat of war from the West

25
Q

When was the Shanghai International Settlement established?

A

1863

26
Q

What business did Britain have in Shanghai?

A
  • Access to the Yangtze valley
  • More areas to trade (including Nanking)
  • Trade nearer centres of production and consumption
27
Q

What was the first foreign language school in Beijing?

A

The School of Combined Learning

28
Q

Who established the School of Combined Learning and when?

A

Prince Gong; 1862

29
Q

Why did the School of Combined Learning struggle to attract the best Chinese youth?

A

Manchu families focused on their children passing the jinshi civil service exams (traditional Chinese classics and calligraphy).

30
Q

Which two significant military sites had foreign-language schools established on-site?

A

The Fuzhou Arsenal and the Jiangnan Shipyard.

31
Q

What was the impact of foreign-language schools on China?

A

Introduced a generation of Chinese students to Western learning

32
Q

When was the Zongli Yamen established and what was it?

A

1861; a government department responsible for managing foreign relations e.g. executing foreign policy

33
Q

Why was the establishment of the Zongli Yamen significant?

A

It signified relations with the West becoming a fixed feature of Chinese politics while clinging to the structure of traditional dynastic imperial China.

34
Q

What did the Unequal Treaties signify to the Zongli Yamen?

A

China was not only militarily but also diplomatically inferior to the Western powers.

35
Q

What did the Zongli Yamen focus on?

A

Familiarisation with international law to put China on an equal footing with the West.

36
Q

What was the result of the Zongli Yamen’s 1866 delegation?

A
  • Delegates visited Paris, London, Berlin, Stockholm, Copenhagen, St Petersburg
  • Returned little of use to help China benefit from Western democracy
37
Q

How did growing knowledge of foreign cultures affect public opinion of the Qing dynasty?

A

People saw the Qing dynasty as an obstacle against the modernisation and salvation of China.

38
Q

Who led China’s second international delegation in 1868?

A

US minister to China, Anson Burlingame

39
Q

What was the result of Burlingame’s mission to the USA?

A
  • Reached agreements with the USA, Britain, Germany and Russia that the pace of modernisation would not be forced
  • Britain refused to make concessions when renegotiating the Treaty of Tianjin in 1868
40
Q

Why was the Burlingame mission significant?

A

It paved the way for more formal, standardised relations with the Western powers.

41
Q

Why were missionaries ill-received in China?

A

Their preaching and condescension offended the defensive Chinese who resented Westerners imposing their ideas on China and the influx of foreigners in China.

42
Q

How many Chinese had converted to Christianity by 1900?

A

800,000

The Making of Modern China 🇨🇳 (5 decks)

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