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Anatomy > Chapter 3 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Part 1 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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0
Q

Generalized cell

A

Basic parts that all cells have

Nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

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1
Q

Cells

A

Structural units of all living things

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

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3
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

The nucleus is bounded by a double membrane barrier called

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

When a cell is dividing to form two daughter like cells, the chromatin threads coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies called ______

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5
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

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6
Q

Hydrophilic

A

“Water loving”

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7
Q

Hydrophobic

A

“Water hating”

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8
Q

Tight junctions

A

Impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing thru the extracellular space between cells

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9
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells; prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart

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10
Q

Gap junctions

A

Function to allow communication

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11
Q

Connexons

A

Hollow cylinders composed of proteins that connect neighboring cells in gap junctions

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

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13
Q

Cytosol

A

Semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements

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14
Q

Organelles

A

Metabolic machinery of the cell

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15
Q

Inclusions

A

Chemical substances that may or may not be present , depending on the specific cell type

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sites of protein synthesis in cell. Some float free in cell where they manufacture proteins that function in the cytoplasm

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18
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Essentially all of the building materials of cellular membranes are formed either in or on it, “membrane factory”

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19
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Functions in lipid metabolism (cholesterol and fat synthesis and breakdown), and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins in specific ways, depending on their final destination

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21
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

Sacs’ swollen ends filled with proteins pinch off and form____

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22
Q

Lysosomes

A

Function as the cells demolition sites. Digests worn-out or nonusable cell structures and most foreign substances that enter the cell

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23
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances

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24
Free radicals
Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and Nucleic acids
25
Cytoskeleton
Acts as a cell's "bones and muscles" by furnishing an internal framework that determines cell shape, supports other organelles, and provides the machinery for intracellular transport and various types of cellular movements
26
Microfilaments
Most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape
27
Microtubules
Determine the overall shape of the cell and the distribution of organelles
28
Cilia
Whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface
29
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more components
30
Solvent
The substance present in largest amount in a solution
31
Solutes
Components or substances present in smaller amounts
32
Intracellular fluid
Solution containing small amounts of gases, nutrients, and salts, dissolved in water
33
Interstitial fluid
The fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells
34
Selective permeability
A barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding other
35
Diffusion
The process by which molecules move away from a region where they are more concentrated
36
Simple diffusion
Unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane
37
Osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
38
Facilitated diffusion
Provides passage for certain needed substances that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass throughout the membrane pores
39
Filtration
The process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure
40
Pressure gradient
Pushes solute containing fluid from the higher-pressure area to the lower pressure area
41
Active transport
Requires protein carriers that combine specifically and reversibly with the substances to be transported across the membrane. Uses ATP to energize its protein carriers
42
Sodium-potassium pumps
Simultaneously carries sodium ions out of and potassium ions into the cell is absolutely necessary for normal transmission of impulses by nerve cells
43
Vesicular transport
Moves substances into or out of cells without their actually crossing the plasma membrane
44
Exocytosis
Moves substances out of cells
45
Vesicle
Small membranous sac
46
Endocytosis
Includes ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle
47
Phagocytosis
"Cell eating"
48
Pinocytosis
"Cell drinking"
49
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules
50
Cell life cycle
Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides
51
Interphase
Cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities
52
Cell division
Cell reproduces itself
53
Mitosis
Division of the nucleus
54
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
55
Mitotic spindle
Composed of microtubules
56
Prophase
The DNA molecules progressively shorten and condense by coiling, to form chromosomes. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus are no longer visible. The spindle apparatus has migrate to opposite poles of the cell.
57
Metaphase
The spindle fibres attach themselves to the centromeres of the chromosomes and align the the chromosomes at the equatorial plate.
58
Anaphase
The spindle fibres shorten and the centromere splits, separated sister chromatids are pulled along behind the centromeres.
59
Telophase
The chromosomes reach the poles of their respective spindles. Nuclear envelope reform before the chromosomes uncoil. The spindle fibres disintegrate.
60
Cleavage furrow
Is over the midline of the spindle, and it eventually pinches the original cytoplasmic mass into two parts
61
Gene
A DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein or polypeptide chain
62
Enzymes
Biological catalysts
63
Ribonucleic acid, RNA
The Nucleic acid that contains ribose; acts in protein synthesis
64
Transfer RNA molecules
Cloverleaf-shaped molecules
65
Ribosomal RNA
Helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built
66
Messenger RNA molecules
Long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half a DNA molecule and carry the "message" containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA gene in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
67
Transcription
Involves the transfer of information from DNA's base sequence of mRNA
68
Triplet
Each three-base sequence specifying a particular amino acids on the DNA gene
69
Codons
Corresponding three-base sequences on RNA
70
Translation phase
The language of Nucleic acids is "translated" into the language of proteins

Anatomy (13 decks)

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