Chapter 3 Part 2: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major processes involved in memory?

A
  • Encoding(or registration-*
  • Storage*
  • Retrieval*
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2
Q

What is memory?

A

It is a complex multimodal system.

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3
Q

What is memory allow people to do?

A
  • To make decisions
  • To interact with others
  • to solve problems.
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4
Q

What is encoding or registration?

A

It is a process of combining and placing received information into memory.

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5
Q

What is storage?

A

It is the creation of a permanent record of the encoded information.

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6
Q

What is Retrieval?

A

It involves bringing information from long-term memory to short-term memory so that it can be used or examined.

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7
Q

What is essentially memory?

A

It is the capacity for storing and retrieving information.

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8
Q

What does the 3 processes over memory determine?

A

Whether something is remembered or forgotten.

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9
Q

What is called in coding?

A

Processing information into memory.

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10
Q

What are the différents ways to encode Verbal information?

A
  • structural encoding*
  • Phonemic encoding*
  • Semantic encoding*.
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11
Q

What is structural encoding?

A

It focuses on what words look like.For instance, one might note wether words are long or short, in uppercase or low case, or handwritten or typed.

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12
Q

What is phonemic encoding?

A

It focuses on how words sound.

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13
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

It focuses on the meaning of words.

It requires a deeper level of processing than structural or phonemic encoding and usually results in better memory.

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14
Q

What is the storage phase?

A

After information enters the brain, it has to be stored or maintained.

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15
Q

What do psychologists use to describe the process of storage?

A

They use the three-phase model proposed by R. Atkinson and R. Shiffrin.

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16
Q

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin model (Also known as the multi-store model)?

A

It’s a model of memory that has the advantage of being able to be broken down into sub-models of memory.
Psychological model proposed in 1968 as a proposal for structure of memory.
It proposed that huma memory involves a sequence of three stages.

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17
Q

What are the 3 stages of the sequence of memory according to Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

A
  • Sensory memory
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory.
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18
Q

Sensory Memory what does it stores?

A

It stores incoming sensory information in detail only for an instant.

19
Q

What is the capacity of sensory memomy?

A

It is very large, but the information in it is unprocessed.

20
Q

How is called the Visual sensory memory?

A

Iconic memory

21
Q

How is called the auditory sensory memory?

A

Echoic memory

22
Q

Where do some of the informations in sensory memory goes?

A

It transfers to short-term memory.

23
Q

How long do short term memory can approximately can hold information?

A

20 seconds.

24
Q

What can help keep information in short-term memory longer?

A

Rehearsing

25
Q

How is the capacity of short-term memory?

A

It is limited: it can store about 7 pieces of information, plus or minus 2 pieces.

26
Q

What is “chunking”?

A

It is a method that can help to increase capacity of short-term memory, by combining small bits of information into bigger, familiar pieces.

27
Q

Why do psychologist consider short-term memory to be a working memory?

A

Rather than being a temporary information storage system, working memory is an active system.Information can be kept in working memory while people process or examine it.

28
Q

What does working memory allows people to?

A

Working memory allows people to temporarily store and manipulate visual images, store information while trying to make decisions, and remember a phone number long enough to write it down.

29
Q

Where do information from the short-term memory can be transferred?

A

In the Long-term memory. And from longterm memory back to short-term memory.

30
Q

What is the capacity of the long term memory?

A

It has an almost infinite capacity, and information in long-term memory usually stays there for the duration of a person’s life.

31
Q

What is retrieval?

A

It is the process of getting information out of memory.

32
Q

What are retrieval cues (indices)?

A
They are stimuli that help the process of retrieval.
It includes:
- Associations
- Context
- Mood.
33
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

It is the loss of memories that formed before a traum such as brain injury.
Retrograde amnesia after a trauma such as a car accident is often a form of retrieval failure. We know this because memories lost in retrograde amnesia (e.g. memories for the time right before the crash) often come back.

34
Q

What is Anterograde amnesia, H.M’s type?

A

prevents new memories from being formed after a trauma such as brain injury. Lost memories in anterograde amnesia never come back, probably because they were never properly formed in the first place.

35
Q

What are the strengths of the Atkinson-Shriffin model?

A
  • The evidence of the distinction between STM and LTM provided by many memory studies.
  • Primacy & récence effects
  • The model is influencial as it has generated a lot of reach into memory.
36
Q

What is known as the serial position effect?

A

Experiments show that when participants are presented with a list of words, they tend to remember the first few and last few words and are more likely to forget those in the middle of the list. This is known as the serial position effect.

37
Q

What is called the primacy effect?

A

The tendency to recall earlier words

38
Q

What is called the recency effect?

A

the tendency to recall the later words.

39
Q

What is the HM case study?

A

HM is still alive but has marked problems in long-term memory after brain surgery. He has remembered little of personal (death of mother and father) or public events (Watergate, Vietnam War) that have occurred over the last 45 years. However his short-term memory remains intact.

40
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Atkinson-Shriffin model?

A
  • The model is oversimplified, when it suggests that both short-term and long-term memory each operate in a single, uniform fashion. THis is not the case.
  • The model suggests rehearsal helps to transfer information into LTM but this is not essential. Why are we able to recall information which we did not rehearse (e.g. swimming) yet unable to recall information which we have rehearsed (e.g. reading your notes while revising).
  • However, the models main emphasis was on structure and tends to neglect the process elements of memory (e.g. it only focuses on attention and rehearsal).
  • The multi store model has been criticized for being a passive/one way/linear model.
  • experiences conducted in laboratories (not cloth to real life.
41
Q

What is the Working Model of Memory proposed by Baddelez and Hitch (1974)?

A
  • It showed that STM is more than just one simple unitary store and comprises different components (central executive, Visio-spatial…).
  • In case of LTM, it is unlikely that different kinds of knowledge, such as remembering how to play a computer game, the rules of subtraction and remembering what we did yesterday are all stored within a single LTM store.
42
Q

Which are the different types of LTM identified?

A
  • episodic (memories of events)
  • procedural (knowledge of how do things)
  • semantic ( General knowledge).
43
Q

Wha the is ecological validity?

A

Psychologist use that term to refer to the extent to which the findings of research studies can be generalized to other settings. An experiment has high ecological validity if its findings can be generalized, that is applied or extended, to settings outside the laboratory.