Chapter 3 - Perception Flashcards
(67 cards)
What is sensation?
The ability of our sense organs to detect various forms of energy
What is perception?
The process of constructing a description of the surrounding world
Involves the analysis of sensory information
Perception of even a simple object is quite complex
Name two ways the goals of perception are differentiated
Recognition & Action
Flow of information
What it is called when you are unable to recognise faces
Prosopagnosia
Name the different stages of light entering the eye
Incoming light passes through the cornea
The cornea / lens (in combination)… focus the light on to the retina
Receptor cells (rods / cones) both are sensitive to light
Macula Lutea contain almost all the receptor cells
Fovea (indentation within Macula), contains highest density of cones (fine detail)
What light conditions are rods and cones best suited to?
Cones - daylight as they detect fine detail and colour difference
Rods - poor / low level light
What is Gestalt theory generally?
Popular in first half of 20th Century
Is the idea that the whole is better than the sum of all it parts
Name four elements of perception named in Gestalt theory
Closure - See a circle rather than a circular line that doesn’t fully meet at either end
Good continuation - tend to interpret images with smooth continuation rather than abrupt finish (e.g. cross rather than pen tips)
Similarity - Organise due to similarity (e.g. colour - balck and white lines) This takes precedence over proximity
Proxmity - Grouping together due to space… e.g. columns vs lines
What is Law of Pragnanz
Koffka, 1935
“best , simplest and most stable shape will prevail out of several geometrically possible organisations”
What are the disadvantages of Gestalt theory of perception?
Tends to reference 2D shape, so is too simplified
Lack of realism
What did Gibson’s theory suggest as an overarching idea?
That the information in the environment is so rich that no cognitive process is required in order to interact with it
Was Gibson’s theory bottom up or top down processing?
Bottom up
Gibson (1947)
Study with pilots.
Use of pictorial stimuli had little relevance in the ability to perceive depth by pilots
There training in this way was not a good indicator of good / poor piloting
What are Ambient Optic Arrays?
The structure imposed on light reflected by the textured surfaces in the world around
Who’s theory suggested a complete picture of perception could be achieved through laboratory studies and was therefore considered an ecological approach?
Gibson
What are affordances and who explains them using their theory?
The features of an object provide clues to its use
Gibson
Gibson cites that MOTION is intrinsic to perception… name two basic forms of movement
Motion of the object
Motion of the observer
Name two things that indicate things about shape, size, position and distance raised in Gibson’s theory
Motion parallex - the further the object is away, the less it it will appear to move as the observer travels past
Occlusion - the nearer object travels in front of the farthest object
What are FLOW PATTERNS and what do they suggest
They suggest motion in the optic array
There is a pole which is the apparent origin of the radiating flow pattern
e.g. texture elements appear to be coming from the direction of travel
Who controversially said there is no role or memory in perception
Gibson
What is resonance?
It’s when global information about the optic array is dealt with by the perceptual system without the need to analyse the local information (e.g. lines and edges)
What did Marr (1982) suggest that was similar to Gibson?
That information from the senses was sufficient to allow perception to occur
What type of approach did Marr (1982) adopt?
Information Processing Approach
What did Marr’s theory concentrate on?
The perceptual process involved with object recognition
Bottom up process
