Chapter 3, Phonology

Question 1

A class of phonetically similar sounds
that do not contrast with each other.

Answer 1

Phoneme

Question 2

The sounds that make up a phoneme. They are phonetically similar and are usually in complementary distribution (e.g., voiced and voiceless l in English).

Answer 2

Allophones

Question 3

representation of the word. The phonemes of a language are the segments that contrast in the underlying forms. “//”

Answer 3

underlying (phonemic) form

Question 4

how it is actually pronounced after rules governing allophonic variation have been applied. This is the phonetic realization, and is represented with brackets in transcription. “[]”

Answer 4

surface (phonetic) form

Question 5

The two sounds can occur in the same environment
Minimal pairs are possible: words that differ only by the sounds in question

Answer 5

Contrastive distribution

Question 6

Occurs when two sounds occur in different environments (non-overlapping)
Minimal pairs are impossible

Answer 6

complementary distribution

Question 7

Two words with distinct meanings that differ by only one segment in the same position (e.g., bit and pit).

Answer 7

Minimal pair

Question 8

A situation in which a word has more than one pronunciation. As a result, different sounds occur in exactly the same environment without creating a difference in meaning (e.g., either can be pronounced [iðɚ] or [ajðɚ]).

Answer 8

Free variation

Question 9

the phonetic environment of a given instance of a speech sound (or “phone”) consists of the other phones adjacent to and surrounding it.

Answer 9

Environment, phonetic context

Question 10

The set of constraints on how sequences of segments pattern.

Answer 10

Phonotactics

Question 11

an environment in which one sound is found and the other is not

Answer 11

conditioning environment