Chapter 3 - Prenatal Development, Birth And The Newborn

Question 1

Prenatal development

Answer 1

The changes that transform a fertilized egg into newborn human

Prenatal development typically takes 38 weeks

Question 2

Three stages of pregnancy

Answer 2

Zygote (1 to 2 weeks)
Embryo (3 to 8 weeks)
Fetus (9 to 38 weeks)

Question 3

What occurs during the period of the zygote?

Answer 3

Growth and movement from fallopian tube to uterus

Within hours of conception the cells begin to divide out a rapid pace promoting growth

Question 4

Blastocyst

Answer 4

Zygote resembles a hollow ball consisting of 100 to 200 cells

Inner layer (mass) is embryo
Outer layer consists of the placenta, umbilical cord, and amino sac

Question 5

Implantation

Answer 5

The final stage of the zygote (blastocyst burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connection with the mother’s blood vessels)

Day 7-14

Sends hormonal signals to prevent menstruation

Question 6

What occurs during the period of the embryo?

Answer 6

Body structures and internal organs develop

Once blastocyst is fully embedded in uterine wall the embryo forms

During this rapid period of growth and specialization, embryo is highly Suspectible to environmental influences

Question 7

Three layers of the embryo

Answer 7

Ectoderm: hair,skin, nervous system

Mesoderm: muscles, bones, and circulatory system

Endoderm: digestive system, lungs

Question 8

Structure of the embryo

Answer 8

Placenta, amniotic sac, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord

Question 9

Placenta

Answer 9

Organ that connects the amniotic sac to uterus

Question 10

Amniotic Sac

Answer 10

Sac in which the embryo rests

Question 11

Amniotic fluid

Answer 11

Cushions embryo and contains constant temperature

Question 12

Umbilical cord

Answer 12

Houses blood vessels that join embryo to placenta

Question 13

Neural tube

Answer 13

One end of the tube is the brain and the other is the spine

Sufficient levels of folic acid or needed to ensure neural tube closes or else Spina Bifida occurs

Question 14

What occurs during the period of the fetus?

Answer 14

Baby becomes much larger (1 ounce to 7–8 pounds)

Bodily systems begin to work

Question 15

Second trimester

Answer 15

Months 4 to 6

Rapid growth, refining reproductive system and Brain functions, mom can feel quickening

Question 16

Third trimester

Answer 16

Months 6 to 9/10

Respiratory system matures, begins to practice breathing (lungs are last)

And continues to develop, fetus puts on weight

Question 17

Age of viability

Answer 17

By 22 to 28 weeks of fetus has a chance of survival but lungs are under developed and the fetus lacks insulation layer (fat layer)

Question 18

Fetal behavior

Answer 18

Fetus begins regular cycles of movement

Difference is an activity predict infant temperament
(More active= unhappy and difficult baby less active= happy and easy to soothe baby)

Question 19

Fetal learning

Answer 19

Fetus is learning and already using some senses

Hearing, taste

Question 20

Fetal learning- hearing

Answer 20

DeCasper and Spence (1986)
Pregnant moms read cat in the hat two times a day the last six weeks of pregnancy

Question: does sucking rate differ when hearing a familiar versus new story?

Results: infants sucked to hear familiar story

Question 21

Fetal behavior- Taste

Answer 21

Mennella, Jagnow and Beauchamp (2001)

Drank carrot juice or water four times a week, for three weeks during last trimester and/or during first two months of lactation

After five months mothers begin introducing their infants to cereal prepared with water or with carrot juice

Mothers rated infants enjoyment of cereal immediately following the meal

Results: prenatal and early experience carrot juice had preference cereal flavored with carrot juice

Question 22

Influences on prenatal development- Maternal risk factors

Answer 22

Nutrition, stress, age

Question 23

Influences on prenatal development- Environmental risk factors

Answer 23

Teratogens

Question 24

Influence on prenatal development – Nutrition

Answer 24

Not enough macro nutrients such as proteins and micro nutrients such as iron lead to problems with attention, memory, and intelligence

Question 25

Influences on prenatal development – stress

Answer 25

Links between maternal anxiety levels Babies are born sooner Lower birth weight Attention problems behavioral issues

Question 26

Influences on prenatal development – Maternal Age

Answer 26

Maternal age of both extremes (youth and advanced age) can be considered “risk factor” Youth: premature birth, low birth weight, low academic performance, behavioral issues Why? Social stigma and challenges faced by teen mothers and certain characteristics are more prevalent teen mom populations Advanced age (40-45): miscarriage, low birth weight, Down syndrome

Question 27

Teratogens

Answer 27

Any environmental agent that causes birth defects (example: alcohol, Zika virus) Severity and type of damage depends on: does, genetic suspect ability, timing of exposure, presence of other negative factors.

Question 28

Ultrasound

Answer 28

Procedure that uses soundwaves to generate a picture of the fetus Can be used as early as 4 to 5 weeks post conception It is used to: determine due date, position of the fetus, major abnormalities, detect multiples, determine sex (after 20 weeks)

Question 29

Amniocentesis

Answer 29

A needle is inserted through the mothers abdomen to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid Utilized in identifying genetic disorders

Question 30

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Answer 30

Utilized in identifying genetic disorders A sample of tissue is obtained from a part of the placenta

Question 31

Three stages of the birthing process

Answer 31

Pushing, crowning, afterbirth

Question 32

Stage one of birth process

Answer 32

Stage one (12 to 24 hours) Typically most painful part of birth Contractions start week and a regular but by the end contractions are intense and sometimes without interruption End of stage one the cervix and enlarges (dilates) to 10 cm

Question 33

Stage two of birth process

Answer 33

Baby moves through the birth canal (1 hour) Women feel strong urge to push and begin using abdominal muscles Crowning: the babies head becomes visible Breech: the baby moves down the birth canal feet or bottom first

Question 34

Stage three of birth process

Answer 34

Typically takes 10 to 15 minutes Commonly referred to as “afterbirth” Placenta and fetal membrane need to be expelled from- the uterus detaching of placenta from the uterus

Question 35

Postpartum depression (PPD)

Answer 35

A mood disorder that affects women after childbirth (goes on longer and is more severe than “baby blues”)

Question 36

“Baby blues”

Answer 36

A range of negative emotions that typically last 1 to 2 weeks past birth (example: feelings of resentment irritation and crying spell)

Question 37

Four states of the newborn

Answer 37

Alert inactivity, waking inactivity, crying, sleeping ``` Eight hours of quiet sleeping Eight hours of active sleeping One hour of drowsing Two hours of crying 2 1/2 hours of alert awake 2 1/2 hours of active away ```

Question 38

The newborn – crying

Answer 38

Newborn spend 2 to 3 hours each day crying Three distinct types of crying: basic crying, mad crying, pain crying

Question 39

The newborn – sleeping

Answer 39

Newborn spend 16 to 18 hours a day sleeping Typically via naps Cycle of wakefulness and sleep every 4 hrs Sleep believe to be needed for brain development

Question 40

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 40

Usually around 2 to 4 months Cause is unknown Risk factors: prematurity, Low birth weight, parents smoke, sleep on stomach, winter (put to sleep in warm clothing)

Question 41

Campaign against SIDS

Answer 41

Safe sleeping: Place infants on their back or side, hard mattress and remove excess bedding, do not overdressed, do not wrap tightly in blankets

Question 42

The newborn – reflexes

Answer 42

Organized newborn behaviors that occur in response to particular stimuli rooting, sucking, stepping, babinski, grasping, moro

Question 43

Newborn – rooting

Answer 43

When are newborn automatically turns their face towards a stimuli when their cheek or lips touched (Birth- four month, can last up to 12 months) Believed to occur to aid breastfeeding, not a sign of necessary hunger

Question 44

Newborn- sucking

Answer 44

Related to rooting When the roof of the baby’s mouth is touched it will begin to suck (Develops during 32-36 weeks of pregnancy) Assists in Feeding and replaced by voluntary sucking around 4 months

Question 45

Newborn- stepping

Answer 45

Baby appears to take steps or “dance “when held upright with feet touching a solid surface (birth- two months, assist in voluntary walking, reappears around one years of age)

Question 46

Newborn – Babinski

Answer 46

When sole of foot stroked, the toes fan out and curl as the foot twist (Birth – 12 months, Signals low myelination of the corticospinal tract, sign of disorder

Question 47

Newborn – grasping

Answer 47

Infant will spontaneously grasp on to an object pressed against their palm (birth – five months, prepares for voluntary grasping, similar reflex is also present in the toes until 9–12 months)

Question 48

Newborn – Moro

Answer 48

When startled by a loud noise or movement, the baby will throw his head back, extend arms and legs, and then pull arms and legs back in (birth – six months, it helps shield from danger)